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    독일의 “고용기적”과 사회시장경제 = The Germany’s “Job Miracle” and the Social Market Economy

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=A106986608

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    The recent “Germany’s job miracle”(Paul Krugman), to which the worldwide public pays in recent years a great attention, is not just a product of a certain type of policy-mix, but is to be explained to be resulted from the social partnership that has been an inherent institutional component of the german Social Market Economy. The social partnership has definitely contributed to the economic prosperity and social stability after the Second World War in Germany. Since the middle of the nineties of the last century, however, the social partnership was experiencing a continuous crisis characterized by the weakening binding force of the collective agreement, the falling labour union organization rate and the so-called “open clause“ of the employer associations. As the global financial crisis of the years 2008~2009 was going on, the social partnership was revived for the bilaterally agreed goal of the job stabilization. This led to more frequent applications of the behaviour norm of mutual recognization, relatively equal power distribution between lapour and capital, and stronger binding force of the collective agreement. The trade unions raised moderate wage claim, while the employers ensured the job security. As a result, despite of 6.7% decrease of the real GDP compared to the OECD average of -4.8%, the unemployment rate decreased from 7.9% at the time of outbreak of the crisis to 7.0% in May 2010. In the same period the OECD average unemployment rate increased from 5.7% to 8.6%.
    To the german “job miracle”, first of all, the shortening of the working hours decisively contributed on the ground of the firm-internal flexibility. The firms had been admitted not to obey the collective agreement for the purpose of securing the jobs, already before the outbreak of the crisis. The firms could not yet make use of the internal flexibility without the prior approval of the workers’ council, which then apply the co-determination to the negotiations on the working hours for the workers’ interest. As the crisis broke out, the overtime work was diminished at first. The working hours account, then, was contracted, and the earlier vacation was introduced. As the room for the working hour reduction had been exhausted, it began with the introduction of the short-time work scheme that was so effective that it contributed during the sharp recession of -4.9% in 2009 to stabilizing the labour market situation. In the crisis period from the 1. quarter 2008 to the 4. quarter 2009 the working hour reduction led to 3% increase of employment. Besides the short-time work scheme, the negative development of the labour productivity and the skilled labour hoarding belonged to the social partnership labour market institution that might in the short term make an negative impact on the profitability of the firms.
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    The recent “Germany’s job miracle”(Paul Krugman), to which the worldwide public pays in recent years a great attention, is not just a product of a certain type of policy-mix, but is to be explained to be resulted from the social partnership that...

    The recent “Germany’s job miracle”(Paul Krugman), to which the worldwide public pays in recent years a great attention, is not just a product of a certain type of policy-mix, but is to be explained to be resulted from the social partnership that has been an inherent institutional component of the german Social Market Economy. The social partnership has definitely contributed to the economic prosperity and social stability after the Second World War in Germany. Since the middle of the nineties of the last century, however, the social partnership was experiencing a continuous crisis characterized by the weakening binding force of the collective agreement, the falling labour union organization rate and the so-called “open clause“ of the employer associations. As the global financial crisis of the years 2008~2009 was going on, the social partnership was revived for the bilaterally agreed goal of the job stabilization. This led to more frequent applications of the behaviour norm of mutual recognization, relatively equal power distribution between lapour and capital, and stronger binding force of the collective agreement. The trade unions raised moderate wage claim, while the employers ensured the job security. As a result, despite of 6.7% decrease of the real GDP compared to the OECD average of -4.8%, the unemployment rate decreased from 7.9% at the time of outbreak of the crisis to 7.0% in May 2010. In the same period the OECD average unemployment rate increased from 5.7% to 8.6%.
    To the german “job miracle”, first of all, the shortening of the working hours decisively contributed on the ground of the firm-internal flexibility. The firms had been admitted not to obey the collective agreement for the purpose of securing the jobs, already before the outbreak of the crisis. The firms could not yet make use of the internal flexibility without the prior approval of the workers’ council, which then apply the co-determination to the negotiations on the working hours for the workers’ interest. As the crisis broke out, the overtime work was diminished at first. The working hours account, then, was contracted, and the earlier vacation was introduced. As the room for the working hour reduction had been exhausted, it began with the introduction of the short-time work scheme that was so effective that it contributed during the sharp recession of -4.9% in 2009 to stabilizing the labour market situation. In the crisis period from the 1. quarter 2008 to the 4. quarter 2009 the working hour reduction led to 3% increase of employment. Besides the short-time work scheme, the negative development of the labour productivity and the skilled labour hoarding belonged to the social partnership labour market institution that might in the short term make an negative impact on the profitability of the firms.

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    참고문헌 (Reference)

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    2 Projektgruppe Gemeinschaftsdiagnose, "Zögerliche Belebung-Steigende Staatsschuld, Gemeinschaftsdiagnose Herbst 2009" 2009

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    4 Bosch, G., "Work inequalities in the crisis? Evidence from Europe" 243-277, 2011

    5 IMK, "Wirtschaftspolitik belebt Konjunktur" 2009

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    9 Höpner, M., "Unternehmensmitbestimmung unter Beschuss. Die Mitbe- stimmungsdebatte im Licht der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung" 11 (11): 347-379, 2004

    10 OECD, "Union membership figures"

    1 Herzog-Stein, A., "‘Deutsches Beschäftigungswunder’ und flexible Arbeitszeiten" 2010

    2 Projektgruppe Gemeinschaftsdiagnose, "Zögerliche Belebung-Steigende Staatsschuld, Gemeinschaftsdiagnose Herbst 2009" 2009

    3 Wiesenthal, H., "Zur Entwicklungsdynamik des modernen Kapitalismus" 125-149, 1988

    4 Bosch, G., "Work inequalities in the crisis? Evidence from Europe" 243-277, 2011

    5 IMK, "Wirtschaftspolitik belebt Konjunktur" 2009

    6 Haipeter, T., "Von der Einfluss- zur Mitgliedschaftslogik. Die Arbeitgeberverbände und das System der industriellen Beziehungen in der Metallindustrie" 13 (13): 21-42, 2006

    7 Goldschmidt, N., "Vom Homo oeconomicus zum Homo culturalis. Handlung und Verhalten in der Ökonomie" 2009

    8 Bispinck, R., "Verbetrieblichung der Tarifpolitik? Aktuelle Tendenzen und Einschätzungen aus Sicht von Betriebsräten und Personalwesen" 56 (56): 157-167, 2003

    9 Höpner, M., "Unternehmensmitbestimmung unter Beschuss. Die Mitbe- stimmungsdebatte im Licht der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung" 11 (11): 347-379, 2004

    10 OECD, "Union membership figures"

    11 Greifenstein, R., "Trendreport Betriebsrats-wahlen 2010:Zwischenergebnisse kurz nach der Wahl" Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 2010

    12 Streeck, W., "Tarifpolitik im Umbruch" 49-82, 2005

    13 Ellguth, P., "Tarifbindung und betriebliche Interessenvertretung:Ergebnisse aus dem IAB-Betriebspanel 2012" 66 (66): 281-288, 2013

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    15 Schmidt, W., "Sozialer Frieden und Sozialpartnerschaft. Kapital und Arbeit in der Gesellschaftspolitik der westdeutschen Christdemokraten 1945 bis 1953" 1985

    16 Bangs, J., "Social partnership: the wider context" 48 (48): 201-208, 2006

    17 Kelly, J., "Social Partnership Agreements in Britain. Labor Cooperation and Compliance" 43 (43): 267-292, 2004

    18 Urban, H. -J., "Niedergang oder Comeback der Gewerkschaften?" (13/14) : 3-7, 2010

    19 Turner, L., "Negotiating the new Germany, Can social partnership survive?" 1997

    20 Brenke, K., "Kurzarbeit: Nützlich in der Krise, aber nun den Ausstieg einleiten" (16) : 2010

    21 Müller, J.W, "Konfliktpartnerschaft. Akteure und Institutionen der industriellen Beziehungen" 1999

    22 "Koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU, CSU und FDP vom Oktober 2009"

    23 Goldbeck, C.H., "Jenseits von Bier und Tulpen. Sport, Kultur und Soziales in den Niederlanden und Deutschland" 87-109, 2011

    24 Heinze, R. G., "Interessengruppen und Politik: vom Modell Deutsch-land zur Erosion der Sozialpartnerschaft" 2005

    25 Turner, L., "Institutions and activism: Crisis and opportunity for a German labor movement in decline" 62 (62): 294-312, 2008

    26 Schröder, W, "Handbuch Arbeitgeber-und Wirtschaftsverbände in Deutschland" 9-25, 2010

    27 Schnabel, C. amd Joachim, "Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft in Deutschland: Strukturen, Determinanten und Tendenzen" 14 (14): 93-96, 2007

    28 Gesamtmetall, "Geschäftsbericht 2009, 2010"

    29 Hyman, R., "From Collective Bargaining to Social Partnerships:New Roles of the Social Partners in Europe" 39-59, 2001

    30 Krugman, P., "Free to lose"

    31 Leiber, S., "Europäische Sozialpolitik und nationale Sozialpartnerschaft" 2005

    32 Lesch, H., "Erfassung und Entwicklung von Streiks in OECD-Ländern" (1) : 2009

    33 Fürstenberg, F., "Entwicklungen in den industriellen Beziehungen: Ein Überblick" 20 (20): 304-322, 2013

    34 OECD, "Employment Outlook" 2010

    35 Rose, D., "Eine Beruhigungspille gegen die Krise"

    36 Kädtler, J., "Editorial: Sozialpartnerschaft in der Krise-Bewährung oder Krise der Sozialpartnerschaft?" 19 (19): 357-366, 2012

    37 Lessenich, S., "Dynamischer Immobilismus. Kontinuitat und Wandel im deutschen Sozialmodell" 2003

    38 Wörsdörfer, Manuel, "Die anthropologischen Grundlagen der Sozialen Markt-wirtschaft und der Sozialpartnerschaft-unter besonderer Berüucksichtigung neuerer Forschungsergebnisse, Gutachten für die Chemie-Stiftung Sozialpartner-Akademie (CSSA)" 2010

    39 Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, "Die Zukunft nicht aufs Spiel setzen, Jahresgutachten 2009/10" 2009

    40 Engelen-Kefer, Ursula, "Deutsches Beschäftigungswunder-Fakt oder Mythos?" 2012

    41 Keller, B., "Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg von Berufsverbänden. Bedingungen, Ziele und Folgen" 57 (57): 163-173, 2008

    42 Fuchs, J., "Der Arbeitsmarkt schließt an den vorherigen Aufschwung an" (18) : 2010

    43 Neumann, G., "Bündnisse für Arbeit in Deutschland-Ein Überblick" (7) : 419-429, 2000

    44 Haipeter, T., "Betriebsräte als neue Tarifakteure: zum Wandel der Mitbestimmung bei Tarifabweichungen" 2010

    45 Mauer, A., "Betriebliche Beschäftigungs- und Wettbewerbs- bündnisse-Strategie für Krisenbetriebe oder neue regelungspolitische Normalität?" (8) : 490-500, 2001

    46 Bartelheimer, P., "Berichterstattung zur sozioökonomischen Entwicklung in Deutschland. Teilhabe im Umbruch" 41-85, 2012

    47 Huke, R., "Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte" Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung 13-14, 2010

    48 Keller, B., "Atypische Beschäftigung und soziale Risiken. Entwicklung, Strukturen, Regulierung" Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2011

    49 Zapf, I., "Arbeitszeitkonten haben sich bewährt" 2010

    50 Franz, C., "Arbeitszeitentwicklung und Krise-eine Zwischenbilanz:IAQArbeitszeit-Monitor 2010" 2010

    51 Brandt, G.J., "Anpassung an die Krise: Gewerkschaften in den Siebziger Jahren" 1982

    52 Bechmann, S., "20 Jahre deutsche Einheit-ein Vergleich der west- und ostdeutschen Betriebslandschaft im Krisenjahr 2010" (6) : 2010

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