황해 동부 연안의 홀로세 해수면 변화: 대리기록과 관측자료를 통한 재검토 = Holocene Sea Level Changes in the Eastern Yellow Sea: A Brief Review using Proxy Records and Measurement Data

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In order to understand the Holocene sea level changes in the eastern Yellow Sea, the west coast of Korea, and to compare the rates of sea level rise in each period of time, the geological proxy records for pre-instrumental era and measurement data for the present day were combined and analysed. The sea level in the Yellow Sea rose fast with a rate of about 10 mm/yr during the early Holocene, and decelerated down to 1 mm/yr since the mid to late Holocene. The rising rates of sea level in the 20th century were slightly higher than those in the late Holocene. The present-day rates of sea level rise, known as the 'rapid' rise, are in fact much lower or similar, compared to the early to mid Holocene sea levels in the study area. Recent tide-gauge data show that sea level rise in the eastern Yellow Sea has been accelerating toward the 21st century. These rising trends coincide well with global rising patterns in sea level. Additionally, the present-day rising trends of sea level in this study are correlated with increased rates of carbon dioxide concentrations and sea surface temperatures, further indicating a signal to global warming associated with the human effect. Thus, the sea level changes induced by current global warming observed in the eastern Yellow Sea and world's oceans can be considered as 'Anthropocene' sea level changes. The changes in sea level are based on instrumental measurements such as tide-gauges and satellite altimetry, meaning the instrumental era. The Holocene changes in sea level can thus be reconstructed from geological proxy records, whereas the Anthropocene sea-level changes can be solely based on instrumental measurements.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

황해 동부 해안의 홀로세 해수면 변동 특성을 이해하고 시기 별 상승추세를 비교하기 위하여 지질학적 대리기록과 기기관측 자료를 통합하여 분석하였다. 홀로세 동안 황해의 해수면은 초기에 약 10 mm/yr의 속도로 빠르게 상승하고 중기를 거쳐 후기로 갈수록 해수면 상승률은 1 mm/yr정도로 둔화되며, 20세기 해수면은 홀로세 후기보다 다소 빠르게 상승하였다. 빠른 상승으로 알려진 현재 해수면 상승률은 홀로세 초기와 중기의 상승추세와 비교할 때 사실은 훨씬 낮거나 비슷하게 나타난다. 최근 조위계 자료는 황해 해수면이 21세기로 갈수록 상승률이 높아지고 있음을 나타낸다. 이러한 상승 추세는 전 지구적 해수면 변화와 일치한다. 추가적으로, 연구지역에서 현재의 해수면 상승 추세는 이산화탄소 농도와 해수표층온도의 증가율과 대비되며, 이는 인간활동에 수반된 지구온난화의 신호이다. 그러므로 황해 동부와 전세계의 해양에서 관찰되는 현 지구온난화에 의해 야기된 해수면 변화를 ‘인류세’ 해수면 변화라고 제안한다. 이 해수면변화는 조위계와 인공위성 고도계 같은 기기관측을 기반으로 하며, 계측시대를 의미한다. 이와 같이, 황해의 홀로세 해수면 변동은 대리기록으로, ‘인류세’ 해수면은 기기관측을 기반으로 한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김경희, "후빙기조륙운동 보정을 통한 한반도 주변 해역의 절대해수면 변화 분석" 한국지구과학회 32 (32): 719-731, 2011

2 정태성, "해안개발과 기후변화로 인한 서해 연안해역의 평균해수면 변화" 한국해안,해양공학회 26 (26): 120-130, 2014

3 황상일, "해수면 변동으로 본 한반도 홀로세(Holocene) 기후변화" 한국지형학회 18 (18): 235-246, 2011

4 성기탁, "한국 연근해 수온의 시공간적 장기변동 특성" 해양환경안전학회 16 (16): 353-360, 2010

5 김성중, "지난 130년 간 한반도 근해의 표층 수온 변화 경향" 한국해양과학기술원 33 (33): 281-290, 2011

6 윤종주, "우리나라 조위관측소의 장기간 해수면 변화 분석" 한국방재학회 12 (12): 299-305, 2012

7 강주환, "서남해안의 해수면 상승" 대한토목학회 25 (25): 151-158, 2005

8 Gehrels, W. R., "When did modern rates of sea-level rise start?" 100 : 263-277, 2013

9 Van de Plassche, O., "Water-level changes in the Flevo area, central Netherlands (5300-1500 BC): implications for relative mean sea-level rise in the western Netherlands" 133-134 : 77-93, 2005

10 WMO, "WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin ISSN 2078- 0796"

11 Kalinin, G. P., "Variation in the world sea level. In : World water balance and water resources of the Earth. Studies and Reports in Hydrology" 25 : 581-585, 1978

12 Gehrels, W. R., "Using Holocene relative sea-level data to inform future sea-level predictions: an example from southwest England" 78 : 116-126, 2011

13 Chang, J. H., "Tidal-flat sequence controlled by Holocene sea-level rise in Gomso Bay, west coast of Korea" 52 : 391-399, 0745

14 Yang, H., "The evolution of eastern Asian environment" University of Hong Kong 288-308, 1984

15 Barnett, T. P., "The estimation of “global” sea level changes: A problem of uniqueness" 89 (89): 7980-7988, 1984

16 Miller, K. G., "The Phanerozoic record of global sealevel change" 310 : 1293-1298, 2005

17 Foley, S. F., "The Palaeoanthropocene-The beginnings of anthropogenic environmental change" 3 : 83-88, 2013

18 Crutzen, P. J., "The Anthropocene" 41 : 17-18, 2000

19 Korea Institute of Geoscience and mineral Resources(KIGAM), "Study on the coastal geology of west coast and the terrestrial wetlands. I : study on the coastal geology of west coast" 242-, 2003

20 Trupin, A., "Spectroscopic analysis of global tide gauge sea level data" 100 : 441-453, 1990

21 Engelhart, S. E., "Spatial variability of late Holocene and 20th century sea-level rise along the Atlantic coast of the United States" 37 (37): 1115-1118, 2009

22 Van de Plassche, O., "Sea-level Research: A manual for the collection and evaluation of data" Geo Books 1986

23 Church, J. A., "Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century" 32 : 585-602, 2011

24 Pirazzoli, P. A., "Sea-Level Changes : The last 20, 000 years" John Wiley & Sons 211-, 1996

25 Douglas, B. C., "Sea level rise. International Geophysical Series, 75" Academic Press 232-, 2001

26 Fairbridge, R. W., "Sea level and the Southern Oscillation" 6 : 532-545, 1962

27 Peltier, W. R., "Sea Level Rise. International Geophysics Series, 7" Elsevier 65-95, 2001

28 Emery, K. O., "Relative sea levels from tide-gauge records" 77 (77): 6968-6972, 1980

29 Yeh, S. W., "Recent warming in the Yellow/East China Sea during winter and the associated atmospheric circulation" 30 : 1428-1434, 2010

30 Jevrejeva, S., "Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago" 35 : L08715-, 2008

31 Gehrels, W. R., "Rapid sea-level rise in the Gulf of Maine, USA, since AD 1800" 12 (12): 383-389, 2002

32 Ehlers, J., "Quaternary glaciations-extent and chronology: A closer look" Elsevier 1088-, 2011

33 Cazenave, A., "Present-day sea level change: Observations and causes" 42 : 3001-3020, 2004

34 Lee, Y. G., "Postglacial sea level change of the Korean southern Sea shelf" 24 (24): 118-132, 0737

35 Kim, J. M., "Paleoenvironmental changes associated with the Holocene marine transgression, Yellow Sea(Hwanghae)" 34 : 71-89, 1998

36 Bradley, R. S., "Paleoclinatology : Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary(third edition)" Academic Press 2014

37 Lee, E. I., "Paleo-Tsushima Water and its effect on surface water properties in the East Sea during the last glacial maximum: Revisited" 176-177 : 3-12, 2007

38 Han, G., "Pacific decadal oscillation and sea level variability in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas" 38 : 2772-2783, 2008

39 Lourens, L. J., "On the Neogene-Quaternary debate" 31 : 239-242, 2008

40 Gehrels, W. R., "Middle and late Holocene sea-level changes in eastern Marine reconstructed from foraminiferal saltmarsh stratigraphy and AMS 14C dates on basal peat" 52 : 350-359, 1999

41 Chough, S. K., "Marine geology of Korean seas" Elsevier 313-, 2000

42 Wang, P., "Marine Micropaleontology of China" China Ocean Press 115-132, 1985

43 Lisitzin, E., "Le niveau moyen de la mer" 10 : 2544-2262, 1958

44 Chang, J. H., "Late Quaternary stratigraphy and sea-level change in the tidal flat of Gomso Bay, West Coast of Korea. The Sea" 1 (1): 59-72, 1996

45 Lim, D. I., "Late Quaternary Stratigraphy and sedimentology of tidal-flat deposits, western coast of Korea" Seoul National University 2001

46 Bell, M., "Late Quanternary Environmental Change : Physical and Human Perspectives" Pearson Prentice Hall 348-, 2005

47 National Institute of Environment Research, "Korean climate change assessment report" 1-29, 2015

48 Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration(KHOA), "Korea Sea Level Analysis Report" 505-, 2012

49 Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration(KHOA), "Korea Sea Level Analysis Report" 330-, 2014

50 Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration, "Korea Sea Level Analysis Report" 166-, 2010

51 Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration(KHOA), "Korea Sea Level Analysis Report" 471-, 2011

52 Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration(KHOA), "Korea Sea Level Analysis Report" 229-, 2013

53 Marcos, M., "Interannual and decadal sea level variations in the northwestern Pacific marginal seas" 105 : 4-21, 2012

54 Gehrels, W. R., "Integrated high-precision analysis of Holocene relative sea-level changes: lessons from the coast of Marine" 108 (108): 1073-1088, 1996

55 Kim, Y. H., "Holocene transgressive stratigraphy of a macrotidal flat in the southwestern Yellow Sea: Gomso Bay, Korea" 69 (69): 328-337, 1999

56 Park, Y. A., "Holocene sea-level history in the Yellow Sea, Korea" 20 : 189-194, 1984

57 Bloom, A. L., "Holocene sea-level history and tectonic movements, Republic of Korea" 24 : 77-84, 1985

58 Feng, H., "Holocene sea-level changes and coastline shifts in Zhejiang province" Hangzhou University 1986

59 Woodworth, P. L., "High Waters at Liverpool since 1768: the UK's Longest Sea Level Record" 26 : 1589-1592, 1999

60 Gornitz, V., "Global sea-level changes during the past century. In: D. Nummedal et al. (eds.), Sea-level fluctuation and coastal evolution" 41 : 3-16, 1987

61 Gornitz, V., "Global sea level trend in the past century" 215 : 1611-1614, 1611

62 Pertier, W. R., "Global sea level rise and the greenhouse effect: might they be connected?" 244 : 806-810, 1989

63 Douglas, B. C., "Global sea level rise" 96 : 6981-6992, 1991

64 Choi, K. H., "Evolution of coastal dune system and sea level change during the Holocene in Korea" Seoul National University 2009

65 Holgate, S. J., "Evidence for enhanced coastal sea level rise during the 1990s" 31 : L07305-, 2004

66 Woodworth, P. L., "Evidence for century-time scale acceleration in mean sea levels and for recent changes in extreme sea levels" 32 : 603-618, 2011

67 Fairbridge, R. W., "Eustatic changes in sea-level" 4 : 99-185, 1961

68 Van de Plassche, O., "Estimating tectonic uplift of the Cape Fear Arch(southeast-Atlantic coast, USA)using reconstructions of Holocene relative sea level" 29 (29): 749-759, 2014

69 Church, J. A., "Estimates of the regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950-2000 period" 17 : 2609-2624, 2004

70 Pirazzoli, P. A., "Elsevier Oceanography Series, 48" Elsevier 1991

71 Ruddiman, W. F., "Earth's climate : Past and future" W.H. Freeman and Company 388-, 2008

72 Lewis, S. L., "Defining the Anthropocene" 519 : 171-180, 2015

73 Donnelly, J. P., "Coupling instrumental and geological records of sea-level change: evidence from southern New England of an increase in the rate of sea-level rise in the 19th century" 30 : L05203-, 2004

74 White, N. J., "Coastal and global averaged sea level rise for 1950 to 2000" 32 : L01601-, 2005

75 IPCC, "Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working group 1 contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change" Cambridge University Press 2013

76 Meehl, G. A., "Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" Cambridge University Press 747-845, 2007

77 Kang, J. W., "Changes in tidal characteristics as a result of the construction of sea-dike/sea-walls in the Mokpo coastal zone in Korea. Estuarine" 48 (48): 429-438, 1999

78 Gutenberg, B., "Changes in sea level, postglacial uplift, and mobility of the Earth's interior" 52 : 721-772, 1941

79 Jevrejeva, S., "Anthropogenic forcing dominates sea level rise since 1850" 36 : L20706-, 2009

80 Mortari, R., "A new method of stating recent sea level rises and a comparison with tide gauge records" 40 : 183-194, 2004

81 Shennan, I., "A comparison of Late Holocene and twentieth-century sea-level trends from the UK and North Sea region" 109 : 96-105, 1992

82 Church, J. A., "A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise" 33 : L01602-, 2006