빠알리어 시제에 관한 『깟짜야나 문법』과『목갈라나 문법』의 규칙 분석 = An Analysis of Grammatical Rules for Kaccāyana-Vyākaraṇa and Moggallāna-Vyākaraṇa with reference to Pāli Tense

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the grammatical rules for Kaccāyana-Vyākaraṇa(KV) and Moggallāna-Vyākaraṇa(MV) with reference to Pāli Tense. KV presents 10 rules related to tense in a chapter called ‘ākhyāta-kappa’ and MV does 6 rules in a chapter called ‘chaṭṭho kaṇḍo’. As a result of the comparative analysis of those rules, the following points are observed: Firstly, with regard to the arrangement of the related rules, KV deals with the tense suffix separately from the definition of tense in different rules, while MV deals with the tense suffix together with the definition of tense in one rule. Despite the different arrangement of the rules, both KV and MV classify Pāli tense into five kinds, viz., three past tenses, one present tense, and one future tense.
Secondly, in respect of the technical term for a tense, both KV and MV use significant word conveying the meaning of a particular tense. The terms that those grammars use are as follows. For the general terms of past tense, KV and MV use atīta and bhūta, respectively. For the terms of three types of past tense, ajjapabhuti atīta(past tense beginning with today) in KV corresponds to bhūta(general past tense) in MV; hiyyoppabhuti atīta(past tense before yesterday) in KV corresponds to anajjatana bhūta(past tense except today) in MV; and apaccakkha atīta(past tense beyond speakers’ perception) in KV corresponds to parokkha bhūtānajjatana(past tense beyond speakers’ perception except today) in MV. KV and MV use the term paccuppanna and vattamāna to denote the present tense, respectively. And KV and MV use the term anāgata and bhavissati to denote the future tense, respectively.
Thirdly, both KV and MV use the technical term of the tense suffix for the sake of concise and efficient expression. The terms that those two grammars use are as follows. KV provides the terms ajjatanī, hiyyattanī, parokkhā, vattamānā, and bhavissantī for the group of tense suffixes, implying the meaning of each tense. Unlike KV, MV provides the terms ī-ādayo, ā-ādayo, a-ādayo, tyādayo, ssatyādayo for the group of tense suffixes, by joining the initial suffix of the particular suffix group to the functional word ‘ādi(beginning with, and so forth).’ Fourthly, with respect to sphere of application for the tense suffix, KV presents the application of those, limiting the related tense only, while MV presents wider application of those such as the contrariety or change of time(kālabyattayo) and the use in a sentence that is irrelevant to tense.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 대표적인 빠알리어 전통문법서인 『깟짜야나 문법(KV)』과 『목갈라나 문법(MV)』이 동사의 시제를 어떻게 다루는지 알아보기 위해 관련된 문법규칙을 분석한 것이다. 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
첫째, KV와 MV 모두 빠알리어 시제를 3종의 과거, 현재, 미래 이렇게 총 다섯 가지로 동일하게 구분하지만, 전개방식에 있어서 KV는 각 시제의 정의와 해당 시제 어미를 다른 규칙으로 분리해서 다루고, MV는 한 규칙으로 묶어 제시한다.
둘째, 두 문법서가 제시하는 시제의 용어가 그 시제를 정의하는 핵심단어라는 점은 동일하지만, 서로 다른 용어를 사용한다. 과거시제의 일반적인 용어로 KV는 atīta를, MV는 bhūta를 사용하고, 세 가지 유형으로서의 과거시제 용어도 같지 않다. 현재시제의 용어로 KV는 paccuppanna를, MV는 vattamāna를 사용한다. 미래시제의 용어로 KV는 anāgata를, MV는 bhavissati를 사용한다.
셋째, 두 문법서는 규칙의 간결성을 위해 시제 어미군의 용어를 사용하는데, KV가 ajjatanī, hiyyattanī, parokkhā, vattamānā, bhavissantī와 같이 그 시제를 의미하는 단어를 사용한다면, MV는 ī-ādayo, ā-ādayo, a-ādayo, tyādayo, ssatyādayo와 같이 시제 어미군의 첫 어미에 ‘ādi’를 결합한 실용적인 단어를 사용한다.
넷째, 시제 어미군의 활용범위에 대해 KV는 해당 시제만 제시하는 반면, MV는 화자의 의지에 따라 시제 간에 시제 어미들을 바꾸어 사용하는 ‘시제불일치(kālabyattayo)’의 경우와 시제와 관계없는 문장 내 활용의 경우도 제시한다.

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