한국의 유배우 여성의 경제활동 유형이 자녀의 사교육비 지출에 미치는 영향 = Effect of married women`s economic activity type on the private education expenditure for children in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

It would be a very serious problem if the income inequality and polarization are transmitted from the parent`s generation to the next generation and restrict the social mobility of the children`s generation. This study focused on the role of mothers, the practical decision-makers in relation to the investment in their children`s private education, while bringing the focus to the disparity in private education expenditure for children among different social classes, the essential factor that causes intergenerational social class immobility. This study attempted to take an empirical approach to the issue mentioned above on the assumption that the investment in the children`s private education would be affected by the type of mothers`` economic activities. Thus, the characteristics of mothers`` economic activities were classified into several categories, i.e., independent type, livelihood type, financial supplementation type, and noneconomic activity type, based on the analysis of the groups, and this study attempted to determine the effect that the characteristics of Korean mothers`` economic activities would have on the private education expenditure for children by income class. For the analysis, the data were obtained by sampling the households with married spouse and children (aged between 5 and 18) among the working age class (aged between 20 and 59) from the 10th and 11th editions published by the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study. The per-capita expenditures for children`s private education were examined by income quintile. It was found that the monthly per-capita spending on the private education for children was KRW 96,000 in the lowest 20% income bracket and KRW 514,000 in the highest 20% income bracket. This shows that the per-capita expenditure for the private education of children in the highest income bracket was approximately 5.4 times higher than that for the private education of children in the lowest income bracket. Based on the type of women`s economic activities, the monthly per-capita expenditure for the private education of children was KRW 384,000 among the independent type, the highest, followed by the non-economic activity type with KRW 341,000, financial supplementation type with KRW 283,000, and livelihood type with KRW 196,000. The results of the multiple regression analysis - pertaining to the effect that the characteristics of mothers` economic activities would have on the expenditure for the private education of children - showed that the noneconomic activity type had the largest private education expenditure for children, followed by the independent and livelihood type, when the household income, etc., were controlled. Meanwhile, the financial supplementation type did not exhibit statistical significance. Based on the results of analysis by income class, it was found that the independent type had significantly lower expenditure for the private education of their children compared to the noneconomic activity type in the high income class, while the livelihood type had significantly lower expenditure for the private education of their children compared to the noneconomic activity type in the mid-level income class. Meanwhile, the type of women`s economic activities was not statistically significant in the low income class. Those results imply that full-time house wives who are not engaged in economic activities have more available material resources compared to the working women and tend to have more free time and leverage to provide support for the private education of children in Korea.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김희삼, "한국의 세대 간 경제적 이동성 분석" 한국개발연구원 2009

2 장수명, "한국의 교육정책과 계층이동" 한국사회정책학회 2012

3 한국은행 경제연구원, "한국의 경제성장과 사회지표의 변화" 한국은행 경제연구원 2012

4 박혜경, "한국 중산층의 자녀교육 경쟁과 ‘전업 어머니’정체성" 한국여성학회 25 (25): 5-33, 2009

5 양세정, "편모가계와 양부모가계의 소비지출 행태 비교" 20 : 1-22, 2005

6 정익중, "초중고 사교육비의 사회계층적 예측요인과 성적에 미치는 영향" 한국아동복지학회 (35) : 73-98, 2011

7 오만숙, "초∙중∙고생의 사교육비 지출에 대한 통계 분석" 한국통계학회 24 (24): 193-206, 2011

8 이민경, "중산층 어머니들의 자녀교육 담론: 자녀교육 지원태도에 대한 의미 분석" 한국교육사회학회 17 (17): 159-181, 2007

9 박진영, "자산계층별 사교육비지출과 재무성과의 관련성" 한국가정관리학회 24 (24): 61-78, 2006

10 최희갑, "외환위기와 소득분배의 양극화" 한국국제경제학회 8 (8): 1-20, 2002

11 신동균, "외환위기 이후 소득분배 양극화의 추이, 원인, 및 정책적 시사점" 한국경제학회 55 (55): 503-548, 2007

12 나영미, "어머니의 자녀교육열과 가계 특성이 사교육비 지출에 미치는 영향" 한국생활과학회 20 (20): 1199-1212, 2011

13 노혜진, "시간과 소득의 이중빈곤" 한국사회복지연구회 41 (41): 159-188, 2010

14 신동균, "소득재분배정책이 양극화와 소득불평등 완화에 미치는 영향에 관한 국가간 비교연구" 한국사회보장학회 26 (26): 357-384, 2010

15 신관호, "소득분포 양극화의 특성과 경제·사회적 영향" 한국경제의 분석패널 13 (13): 63-124, 2007

16 원종학, "소득분배 격차 확대의 원인과 정책대응 방향" 한국조세연구원 2007

17 신동균, "소득 분포의 양극화 추이" 한국노동경제학회 28 (28): 77-109, 2005

18 김혜연, "성별 집단 내 소득불평등(inequality among gender)의 변화 추이 및 원인" 한국사회복지학회 61 (61): 391-415, 2009

19 이은우, "사교육비 지출행위에 대한 경제분석" 한국경제통상학회 22 (22): 1-31, 2004

20 홍우형, "사교육비 엥겔 커브 및 소득탄력성 추정" 한국경제연구학회 25 : 45-68, 2009

21 이성림, "사교육비 부담과 가계의 소비지출" 한국가정관리학회 23 (23): 63-76, 2005

22 석재은, "빈부격차의 실태와 정책과제" 78 : 50-61, 2003

23 허수연, "복지국가의‘자녀유무별 여성임금격차(Family gap)'비교연구 : 가족정책과 노동시장구조의 영향을 중심으로" 한국사회복지연구회 41 (41): 279-308, 2010

24 김지경, "미취학 자녀의 사교육 이용여부 및 비용의 결정요인" 한국소비자학회 15 (15): 67-86, 2004

25 유형선, "도시가계의 사교육비 지출규모의 결정요인: 일반계 고등학생의 과외사교육비를 중심으로" 17 (17): 159-171, 1999

26 김영미, "기혼여성 노동시장의 양극화와 가구소득 불평등의 변화" 비판사회학회 (77) : 79-106, 2008

27 이병훈, "기혼 남녀의 사회계층의식에 관한 연구" 한국사회과학연구회 (76) : 205-232, 2009

28 여유진, "교육불평등과 빈곤의 대물림" 한국보건사회연구원 2007

29 오욱환, "교육격차의 원인에 대한 직시: 학교를 넘어서 가족과 사회로" 한국교육사회학회 18 (18): 111-133, 2008

30 안종범, "교육 및 소득수준의 세대간 이전" 한국재정학회 1 (1): 119-142, 2008

31 여유진, "계층구조 및 사회이동성 연구" 한국보건사회연구원 2011

32 김위정, "계급 간 사교육비 지출 격차에 관한 연구 - 합리적 행위이론의 관점에서" 한국사회학회 43 (43): 30-61, 2009

33 강신욱, "경제․사회 양극화의 진단과 대응" 한국보건사회연구원 2007

34 박미희, "개인과 가계의 사교육비 지출 및 유형 분석" 38 (38): 189-206, 1996

35 구인회, "가족배경이 청소년의 교육성취에 미치는 영향 : 가족구조와 가족소득, 빈곤의 영향을 중심으로" 한국사회복지연구회 22 : 5-32, 2003

36 김경자, "가구주 교육수준에 따른 자녀 교육비 지출액과 지출구조" 한국가정관리학회 25 (25): 111-120, 2007

37 이영, "가계특성에 따른 사교육비 분포, In 사교육의 효과, 수요 및 그 영향요인에 관한 연구" 한국개발연구원 2004

38 이승신, "가계의 재무구조가 사교육비지출에 미치는 영향- 소득계층별 접근연구 -" 대한가정학회 41 (41): 151-169, 2003

39 정영숙, "가계의 인적자본 투자율과 경제적 복지" 7 (7): 1-13, 1996

40 정영숙, "가계의 교육비 지출과 선별가설: 사교육비를 중심으로" 7 (7): 207-221, 1996

41 Aslaksen, Iulie, "‘Birds of a Feather Flock Together’: The Impact of Choice of Spouse on Family Labor Income Inequality" 19 (19): 491-515, 2005

42 Hirway, I, "Understanding Poverty: Insights Emerging from Time Use of the Poor, In Unpaid Work and the Economy" Palgrave Macmillan 22-57, 2010

43 Esping-Andersen, Gosta, "The Incomplete Revolution: Adapting to Women's New Roles" Polity Press 2009

44 Solon, G, "Intergenerational Mobility in the Labor Market, In Handbook of Labor Economics(3rd ed.)" North Holland 1999

45 Kye, Bongoh, "Intergenerational Effects of Shifts in Women’s Educational Distribution in South Korea: Transition, Differential Fertility and Assortative Mating" California Center for Population Research 2009

46 Ermisch, John, "Intergenerational Economic Mobility and Assortative Mating" 2005

47 Mysikova, M, "Income Inequalities Within Couples in the Czech Republic and European Countries" 1-25, 2010

48 류정순, "IMF 체제 이전과 이후의 계층간 사교육비 지출 격차 비교" 1998

49 Sainsbury, D., "Gender and Welfare State Regimes" Oxford University Press 1999

50 Quisumbing, A, "Gender and Household Decision-Making in Developing Countries: A Review of Evidence, In International Handbook of Gender and Poverty" Edward Elgar 2010

51 Gradin, C, "Gender Wage Discrimination and Poverty in the EU" 16 (16): 73-109, 2010

52 Kang, Changhui, "Family Size and Educational Investments in Children: Evidence from Private Tutoring Expenditures in South Korea" 73 (73): 59-78, 2011

53 Boca, Daneila Del, "Employment Patterns of Husbands and Wives and Family Income Distribution in Italy(1977～98)" 49 (49): 221-245, 1977

54 Breen, Richard, "Educational Assortative Mating and Income Inequality in Denmark" Demography 2012

55 Greenstein, T. N, "Economic Dependence, Gender, and the Division of Labor in the Home: a Replication and Extension" 62 : 322-335, 2000

56 Agarwal, B, "Bargaining and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household" 3 (3): 1-51, 1997

57 Pencavel, J, "Assortative Mating by Schooling and the Work Behaviour of Wives and Husbands" 88 : 326-329, 1998

58 Tsai, Shu-Ling, "Assortative Mating and Income Inequality in Taiwan: a Quantile Regression Approach" Research Committee on Social stratification and Social Mobility of the International Sociological Association. 2003

59 Park, M. H., "Analysis of Private Educational Expenditures of Korean Households" 38 (38): 189-206, 2000

60 Jantti, M, "American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States" IZA 2006

61 구인회, "1990년대 이후 도시근로자가구 소득불평등 악화의 요인분해 - 개인 근로소득 변화의 영향을 중심으로 -" 한국사회복지연구회 (34) : 5-27, 2007