Handbook of current science & technology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• How to Use This Book = xiii
• THE STATE OF SCIENCE
• The State of Science Today = 1
• Fraud Remains an Issue = 7
• Timetable of a Fraud Investigation = 8
• The End of Big Science in the United States? = 13
• Fermat's "Last Theorem" Proved = 17
• ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY
• The State of Paleoanthropology = 21
• The Human and Ancestors = 23
• Timetable of Physical Anthropology to 1992 = 26
• News About Early Humans and Our Other Ancestors = 29
• Very Early Primates = 29
• New Root for Human Family Tree = 32
• The Species Problem = 35
• Hands and Feet = 39
• Climate and Evolution = 44
• Out of Africa, But When? = 47
• Two New Caves = 52
• The State of Archaeology = 59
• Timetable of Archaeology to 1992 = 61
• Old World Digs and Discoveries = 70
• Iceman UPDATE = 70
• Anatolia as Cradle of Civilization = 72
• Mesopotamia UPDATE = 76
• Timetable of Mesopotamia = 78
• Egyptian Archaeology, News = 80
• New Finds in the Holy Lands = 83
• China and the Silk Road = 88
• The Glory That Was Greece = 90
• And the Empire That Was Rome = 93
• New World Monuments and Mysteries = 95
• The Earliest Americans = 95
• Cradle of Mesoamerica = 96
• Meet the Maya = 99
• Timetable of the Maya = 103
• Native American UPDATE = 105
• Remote Island Life and Death = 108
• Timetable of the Pacific(Standard Version) = 108
• Rethinking the European Arrival = 111
• Archaeology and Anthropology Issues = 113
• Return of the Heritage = 113
• Bandits and Thieves = 116
• Archaeology Record Holders = 117
• ASTRONOMY AND SPACE
• The State of Astronomy = 119
• Timetable of Astronomy and Space to 1992 = 121
• Methods of Observation = 126
• Hubble Repaired and Making Discoveries = 126
• Giant Telescopes, Optical and Otherwise = 130
• Keck Telescope UPDATE = 133
• Neutrino Astronomy Comes of Age = 136
• Optical Telescope UPDATE = 140
• What's New in the Solar System = 146
• Stories on the Solar Wind = 146
• Magellan at Venus = 150
• Timetable of a Space Mission = 153
• More on the Moon = 155
• Galileo at the Moon, Pass 2 = 155
• Earth Threatened by Asteroids；Asteroids Threatened by Earth = 158
• Mars UPDATE = 163
• Comet Hits Jupiter = 165
• Gas Giants and Fellow Travelers = 168
• Comet, Meteoroid, Asteroid UPDATE = 171
• Stars and Other Interesting Bodies = 178
• Newly Found Planets = 178
• Stars : Their Lives and Hard Times = 184
• Blue Straggler UPDATE = 189
• Supernovas : Then and Now = 190
• Supernova 1987A UPDATE = 191
• Timetable of Supernovas = 192
• Supernova Types = 194
• Pulsars = 195
• Black Holes Sighted = 198
• Timetable of Black Holes = 201
• Gamma-Ray Burster Mysteries and Solutions = 202
• Our Galaxy and its Neighbors = 206
• Inside the Milky Way = 206
• New Neighbors : Dwingeloo 1 and More = 212
• The Local Group = 213
• Accounting for the Universe = 216
• The Shape and Evolution of Galaxies = 216
• Clusters and Walls of Galaxies = 222
• Dark Matters = 226
• Quasars = 233
• Cosmology UPDATE = 236
• Astronomical Lists and Tables = 247
• Major Telescopes = 247
• Some Forthcoming Eclipses = 252
• Basic Facts about the Planets = 253
• The Constellations = 256
• Abundance of Elements in the Universe = 262
• Astronomical Record Holders = 265
• The State of Earth's Space Programs = 269
• Ulysses to the South Pole = 276
• Galileo UPDATE = 278
• Other U. S. Exploration of Space = 282
• Timetable of Tethers = 287
• Russia : Space Program Amid Chaos = 288
• Mars : Loss and New Plans = 292
• Space Program Lists and Tables = 294
• Major Accomplishments of Satellites and Space Probes = 294
• Space Flights Carrying People = 303
• BIOLOGY
• The State of Biological Science = 325
• Timetable of Life Science to 1991 = 331
• Genes and Development = 336
• Genetics and Beyond = 336
• Development Developments = 342
• Thinking, Remembering, Feeling = 354
• C. elegans UPDATE = 362
• Timetable of the Worm = 365
• Genome Project UPDATE = 366
• The Threat of Organisms in New Genes UPDATE = 372
• Timetable of Ideas for Organisms with New Genes = 373
• From Bacteria to Fungi = 378
• The Kingdom of the Archaea = 378
• Bacteria : Giant, Deep, and Social = 382
• Killer Algae = 388
• Fungi Surprises of the 1990s = 388
• Plants and Animals = 393
• Newly Found Mammals = 393
• Timetable of Notable Mammals in the Early 1990s = 393
• Hormones and Sex = 395
• Plant Behavior = 401
• Finding Their Way = 407
• Evolution UPDATE = 412
• Biology Lists and Tables = 422
• Life Science Record Holders = 422
• The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine = 423
• CHEMISTRY
• The State of Chemistry = 429
• Timetable of Chemistry to 1992 = 433
• New Forms of Matter = 439
• Heavier Heavy Elements and More Naming Feuds = 439
• Timetable of Superheavy Names = 444
• Sporty Molecules = 445
• Harder Hard Stuff = 450
• Carbon Configurations = 453
• Diamond Discoveries = 453
• Timetable of Artificial Diamond = 454
• Ornamented and Filled Buckyballs = 457
• Applications and Materials = 463
• Catalyst UPDATE = 463
• Chemistry Lists and Tables = 466
• The Nobel Prize for Chemistry = 466
• EARTH SCIENCE
• The State of Earth Science = 471
• Timetable of Earth Science to 1992 = 475
• The Evolution of Life = 480
• Instant Evolution = 480
• Mass Extinction UPDATE = 485
• Timetable of Mass Extinctions = 485
• Onto the Land, then Back to the Sea = 489
• Dinosaurs and Birds = 492
• The Jurassic Park Syndrome = 500
• Chordates and Mamma1s = 503
• Weather and Climate, Now and Then = 506
• Lightning and Related Phenomena = 506
• Patterns of Weather = 509
• Climate Clues to the Past = 515
• The Future of Climate = 525
• Oceans and Oceanography = 536
• Oceanography UPDATE = 536
• The Dynamic Earth = 542
• Advances in Plate Tectonics Studies = 542
• Timetable of Drifting Continents = 543
• Making Minerals = 551
• Plumes = 554
• At the Core = 558
• Geomagnetism UPDATE = 563
• Volcanoes and Earthquakes = 567
• Volcano Studies and Surprises = 567
• Timetable of Volcanoes and Climate = 568
• Earthquake Mysteries = 570
• Earthquake Prediction UPDATE = 573
• Earthquakes in the United States = 577
• Other Geophysical Events = 580
• Earth Science Lists and Tables = 585
• Measuring Earthquakes = 585
• Major Earthquakes = 587
• Active Volcanoes and Major Volcanic Events = 598
• Record Breakers from the Earth Sciences = 621
• PHYSICS
• The State of Physics = 625
• Timetable of Physics to 1992 = 629
• Particle and Nuclear Physics = 633
• Particle Physics UPDATE = 633
• Fusion Progress at Last = 639
• Basic Theories = 645
• The Newest Forms of Matter = 645
• Quantum Stuff = 649
• Strings and Things UPDATE = 652
• New Devices in Physics = 657
• Advanced Accelerators = 657
• Superconductivity UPDATE = 662
• Physics Lists and Tables = 666
• Subatomic Particles = 666
• The Nobel Prize for Physics = 672
• TECHNOLOGY
• The State of Technology = 679
• Timetable of Technology and Invention to 1992 = 684
• Making Light = 689
• Lighting News = 689
• Display Progress = 691
• Laser UPDATE = 693
• Applications UPDATE = 697
• Transportation and Communications Technology = 699
• Trains and Tunnels : Back to the Future = 699
• Timetable of Land Transportation = 699
• Reinventing Communications = 703
• Data Storage and Retrieval UPDATE = 708
• Timetable of Data Storage and Retrieval = 708
• Computer Technology = 715
• Optical Computing = 715
• New Computers and Chips = 719
• Chip UPDATE = 725
• Computer Speech and Intelligence = 727
• Devices and Deeds = 732
• Nanotechnology UPDATE = 732
• Refrigeration Advances = 737
• Technology Lists and Tables = 740
• The National Inventors Hal1of Fame = 740
• APPENDICES
• Appendix A Obituaries : 1992-1994 = 761
• Appendix B Units of Measure = 786
• INDEX = 801