세브란스병원 건립을 둘러싼 선교사들의 갈등과 선교정책 수정 = Conflict between Missionaries over the Building of Severance Hospital in Seoul and the Modification of the Mission Policy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Starting in late 1900, missionaries of the Korea Mission (Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., PCUSA) stations in Seoul and Pyeng Yang clashed over the erection of a hospital in Seoul supported by Mr. L. H. Severance(1838-1913). The missionaries who sided with the Pyeng Yang station insisted they could not allow the erection of a large hospital that would need more than two doctors and train Korean doctors in a medical college. They felt that such medical initiatives would hinder their evangelical work and believed that churches in China and other countries had failed to achieve sustainability because of the establishment of medical and educational institutions, by which missionaries had made the wealth of Western countries conspicuous. They believed they should manage institutions in the humblest way possible, as befitting Christians. In contrast, the Seoul group saw medical work as putting the gospel into practice and exhibiting the real character of Christianity. In their view, medical work and evangelical work went together. They thought that the policy of self-sustainability should be applied flexibly according to the nature of medical work, which much social support, and that Korean doctors should be trained to continue their medical work. Although the argument of the Pyeng Yang group predominated, the Seoul group succeeded in opening Severance Hospital in November 1904. The dispute between the two groups resulted in the amendment of the articles concerning medical policy in the Mission Rules and By-laws. Two new elements advocated by the Seoul group were added to the basic elements upheld by the Pyeng Yang group. These were ``developing of medical work`` and ``giving medical education,`` and the basic ones were ``the priority of evangelical work,`` ``maintenance the hospital size with one doctor,`` and ``management based on self-support principle.`` The rivals also set two unwritten precedents. One was to allow two male doctors in hospitals such as Severance Hospital and the other was to make it possible to proactively bring in foreign money to support mission work that surpassed natives`` financial capacity to maintain. This latter point affected educational work, as missionaries in Korea could ask without hesitation for foreign gifts to build higher education buildings.

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20 "W. O. Johnson to F. F. Ellinwood, Jun. 1, 1902"

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22 "W. B. Hunt to F. F. Ellinwood, Oct. 15, 1900 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Mar. 7, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 4, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Mar. 3, 1902 ; to A. J. Brown, June 15, 1904"

23 "Treasure, Board to the Korea Mission, Jul. 11, 1901"

24 Avison, O. R., "The Severance Hospital" 1904

25 The Korea Review, "The New Hospital" 1904

26 Avison, O. R., "The Land of the Morning Calm : Reminiscenes of Oliver R. Avison" Taegu University Press 1988

27 Missionary Review of the World, "Signs of the Times: Signs of the Times in Korea" XXX (XXX): 1907

28 Avison, O. R., "Severance Memorial Hospital, Seoul, Korea" IX (IX): 1903

29 The Korea Methodist, "Severance Memorial Hospital" 1 (1): 1905

30 "S. F. Moore to to F. F. Ellinwood, Feb. 14, 1901 ; to Dr. Brown, Dec. 28, 1903"

31 "S. A. Moffett to F. F. Ellinwood, Jul. 10, 1899 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Oct. 17, 1899 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Feb. 6, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 6, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 15, 1901 ; F. F. Ellinwood, Nov. 30, 1901 ; to the Board of Foreign Mission, Jul. 3, 1902 ; to A. J. Brown, Feb. 24, 1909"

32 "Report of the Korea Mission, PCUSA, to the Annual Meeting, 1903"

33 "Report of Seoul Station"

34 "R. H. Sidebotham to F. F. Ellinwood, Oct. 24, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Oct. 24, 1901 ; to A. J. Brown, June 3, 1904"

35 "R. E. Speer to the Korea Mission, Aug. 1, 1901"

36 "Pyeng Yang Missionaries to A. J. Brown, received on Jun. 28, 1901. (작성일 표시 없음)"

37 Underwood, H. G., "Opening of the Severance Memorial Hospital. Wednesday, November 16th, 1904" 1904

38 "O. R. Avison, F. F. Ellinwood, Oct. 30, 1899 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Nov. 29, 1899 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, May 19, 1900 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, May 24, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Nov. 30, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, May 1, 1902 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Aug. 9, 1902 ; to A. J. Brown, June 8, 1906 ; to A. J. Brown, Nov. 8, 1906 ; to A. J. Brown, Nov. 11, 1908 ; to A. J. Brown, Dec. 9, 1909"

39 Presbyterian Mission in Korea, "Now or Never" 1903

40 "N. C. Whittemore to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 5, 1900 ; No name[Whittemore] to F. F. Ellinwood, May 23, 1902 ; to A. J. Brown, June 28, 1904 ; to A. J. Brown, Jan. 4, 1905"

41 "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the Korea Mission, PCUSA, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906"

42 Huntley, "Martha, To Start a Work; The Foundation of Protestant Mission in Korea (1884-1919)" Publishing House Presbyterian church of Korea 1987

43 "M. M. Null to A. J. Brown, Aug. 22, 1904 ; to A. J. Brown, Oct. 6, 1905"

44 "M. B. Barrett, Seoul to no name, Jan. 31, 1901(?) ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 30, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, May 20, 1901"

45 "Katherine Wambold to A. J. Brown, Jun. 24, 1907 ; to A. J. Brown, Oct. 19, 1909"

46 "Jennie Samuels to Dr. Brown, Nov. 3, 1903"

47 "J. W. Hirst to A. J. Brown, Oct. 7, 1904; to A. J. Brown, June 21, 1906"

48 "J. T. Underwood to F. F. Ellinwood, Dec. 7, 1901"

49 "J. S. Gale to A. J. Brown. Jun. 22, 1901 ; to Fenn, Oct. 7, 1902"

50 "J. H. Wells to F. F. Ellinwood, Oct. 17, 1899 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, May 28, 1900 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Mar. 13, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 5, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, May 22, 1902 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Jun. 12, 1902 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Aug. 2, 1902 ; to Courtenay H. Fenn, Aug. 18, 1902 ; to A. J. Brown, Oct. 16, 1906 ; to A. J. Brown, Jan. 16, 1907"

51 "J. E. Adams to Fenn, Oct. 14, 1901(?) ; to Dr. Ellinwood, May 17, 1902 ; to Bob(Robert E. Speer), May 30, 1902 ; to A. J. Brown, Nov. 8, 1906"

52 "H. N. Allen to F. F. Ellinwood, Jul. 9, 1901"

53 "H. M. Bruen, "Ex-committee actions re Dr. Irvin's resignation and the Board's letters under date March 18th and 19th, 1910, May 10, 1910"

54 "H. G. Underwood “Extract from Rev. H. G. Underwood's letter,” Jan. 17, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Feb. 14, 1901 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Mar. 9, 1901 ; to A. J. Brown, Sep. 30, 1903 ; to A. Brown, Nov. 24, 1908"

55 "H. B. Gordon, Seoul to Charles W. Hand, Treasure Board of Foreign Missions, Oct. 9, 1901"

56 "Graham Lee to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 6, 1901 ; to A. J. Brown, Jul. 9, 1902"

57 "F. S. Miller to F. F. Ellinwood, Mar. 18, 1901 ; to Ellinwood, Apr. 3, 1901"

58 "F. F. Ellinwood to S. A. Moffett, Dec. 21, 1900 ; to the Korea Mission, Feb. 8, 1901 ; to O. R. Avison, Mar. 4, 1901 ; to O. R. Avison, Mar. 6, 1901 ; to N. C. Whittemore, Mar. 13, 1901 ; to the Korea Mission, Apr. 17, 1901 ; to O. R. Avison, Apr. 17, 1901 ; to the Seoul Station, Apr. 17, 1901 ; to J. Hunter Wells, Jun. 5, 1901 ; to the Korea Mission, Dec.18, 1901 ; to C. H. Irvin, Nov. 8, 1902 ; to the Korea Mission, Dec. 2, 1902 ; to the Korea Mission, Dec. 18, 1901 ; to the Korea Mission, Apr. 8, 1902 ; to C. H. Irvin, Nov. 8, 1902 ; to J. H. Wells, Dec. 8, 1902 ; to the Korea Mission, Mar. 4, 1903"

59 "E. Hughes Miller to A. J. Brown, Jan. 8, 1904"

60 "E. H. Field to F. F. Ellinwood, Jan. 22, 1902"

61 "Committee: S. A. Moffett, G. S. Miller, R. H. Sidebotham to E. E. Ellinwood, Oct, 17, 1901"

62 Avison, O. R., "Comity in Medical Mission" American Tract Society 1 : 1900

63 "Chas. F. Bernheisel to the Christian Endeavorers, Chicago Presbytery, Jul. 6, 1902"

64 "C. H. Fenn to Cyril Ross, Jul. 25, 1902; to Norman C. Whittemore, Jul. 25, 1902; to O. R. Avison, Aug. 5, 1902; to S. A. Moffett, Aug. 5, 1902; to J. E. Adams, Aug. 7, 1902; to the Korea Mission, Aug. 8, 1902 to J. Hunter Wells, Sep. 24, 1902"

65 "C. E. Sharp, Susan A. Doty, Mary L. Gifford, A. G. Welbon, Eva H. Field, Esther L. Shields, Ellen Strong, F. S. Miller, A. R. Miller, L. H. Underwood, H. G. Underwood, Katherine Wambold, M. S. Avison, O. R. Avison, Rose. E. Moore, S. F. Moore, Velma L. Snook to F. F. Ellinwood, arrived on Apr. 10, 1901. (작성일 표시 없음)"

66 "C. E. Kearns to F. F. Ellinwood, Nov. 3, 1902"

67 "C. C. Vinton to F. F. Ellinwood, Apr. 22, 1895 ; to F. F. Ellinwood, Dec. 6, 1902"

68 "A. M. Sharrocks to A. J. Brown, Oct. 29, 1906"

69 "A. J. Brown to R. E. Speer, May 22, 1901 ; to the Korea Mission, Dec. 26, 1903 ; to the Korea Mission, Apr. 16, 1904 ; to the Korea Mission, May 19, 1904 ; to the Korea Mission, Oct. 11, 1906"

70 "A. G. Welbon to F. F. Ellinwood, Jan. 16, 1903"

71 "A. A. Pieters to A. J. Brown, Dec. 10, 1905"

72 Avison, O. R.,, ""The Working of Self-Support in the Fields", "Medical Training of Native Helpers"" American Tract Society II : 1900