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      해양법상 국가관할권이원지역(ABNJ)의 규율원칙 = The Guiding Principle for the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction under the UNCLOS

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      The marine resources existing in the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction became the concern of humans by the development of the science and technology and availability of the resources. Being possible to explore and exploit the resources on the high seas and the Area(Deep Sea Bed), the potential lucrative returns from the exploitation of marine genetic resources for industrial and other biotechnical applications anticipated. Different approaches on the marine resources beyond national jurisdiction has been insisted by the developed and developing countries respectively. Are the resources ‘resource of the countries exploiting and developing’ or ‘common heritage’? It has been one of the main issue of international law nowadays.
      The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 has been functioned as a basic agreement on all activities of the mankind in the oceans. However, at the time of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the importance of marine environmental issues was not fully recognized. The availability of biological resources existing in the oceans corresponding to the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction was not take into account and not reflected in the Convention at all.
      UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets the respective regimes of the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction divided into the High seas and the Area. While ‘the freedom of the high seas’ governs all activities on the high seas, but ‘the common heritage of mankind’ regulates the conservation and usage of mineral resources on the Area. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea governs both regimes independently. Due to the fluid characteristics of the marine biological resources that are not adhered to a specific part of the high seas or the Area, there is a limit that can not be completely regulated by the existing rules and principles under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Additionally, the heterogeneity between the High Seas regime and the Area regime has shown inadequate limits in dealing with Area Beyond National jurisdiction as a single object under the integrated principle.
      This paper examines to derive the appropriate guiding principle for the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction by calrifying the institutional scope of its area and the applicable principles under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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      The marine resources existing in the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction became the concern of humans by the development of the science and technology and availability of the resources. Being possible to explore and exploit the resources on the high sea...

      The marine resources existing in the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction became the concern of humans by the development of the science and technology and availability of the resources. Being possible to explore and exploit the resources on the high seas and the Area(Deep Sea Bed), the potential lucrative returns from the exploitation of marine genetic resources for industrial and other biotechnical applications anticipated. Different approaches on the marine resources beyond national jurisdiction has been insisted by the developed and developing countries respectively. Are the resources ‘resource of the countries exploiting and developing’ or ‘common heritage’? It has been one of the main issue of international law nowadays.
      The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 has been functioned as a basic agreement on all activities of the mankind in the oceans. However, at the time of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the importance of marine environmental issues was not fully recognized. The availability of biological resources existing in the oceans corresponding to the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction was not take into account and not reflected in the Convention at all.
      UN Convention on the Law of the Sea sets the respective regimes of the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction divided into the High seas and the Area. While ‘the freedom of the high seas’ governs all activities on the high seas, but ‘the common heritage of mankind’ regulates the conservation and usage of mineral resources on the Area. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea governs both regimes independently. Due to the fluid characteristics of the marine biological resources that are not adhered to a specific part of the high seas or the Area, there is a limit that can not be completely regulated by the existing rules and principles under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Additionally, the heterogeneity between the High Seas regime and the Area regime has shown inadequate limits in dealing with Area Beyond National jurisdiction as a single object under the integrated principle.
      This paper examines to derive the appropriate guiding principle for the Area Beyond National Jurisdiction by calrifying the institutional scope of its area and the applicable principles under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

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      국문 초록 (Abstract)

      국가관할권 이원의 해역에 존재하는 해양자원도 그 이용가능성이 현실화됨에 따라 이에 대한 법적 지위와 이용에 관한 법적 규율의 문제가 현안과제로 대두되고 있다. 새로운 과학기술의 등장과 발전으로 공해와 심해저 상의 해양자원에 대한 탐사 및 이용이 가능하게 되었고, 특히 해양유전자원을 이용한 산업과 생물공학 분야의 상업적 가치가 크게 주목받고 있다. 이에 대하여 잠재적으로 모든 국가에 의하여 개발이 가능한 것인지, 그 개발의 결실은 인류 전체에게 이익이 될 수 있는 ‘공동 관심사’로 이해되어야 하는지에 대한 이견이 존재하는 실정이다.
      현재 해양상의 모든 활동에 대하여 1982년 채택된 UN해양법협약이 기본협약으로 기능하고 있다. 그러나 UN해양법회의 당시에는 해양환경 문제나 해양과학기술의 중요성은 크게 인식되지 못한 상태였으며, 국가관할권이원지역에 해당하는 해역에 존재하는 생물자원의 가치를 고려하지 못하였다. 특히 UN해양법협약은 공해지역과 심해저지역으로 구분하여 각각의 레짐을 설정하고 있어, 국가관할권이원지역에 대한 포괄적 법제를 구축하고 있지 않다. 공해레짐은 공해 수역 상의 모든 활동에 관하여 규율을 하는 것이고, 심해저 레짐은 심해저 광물자원의 이용과 보존에 관하여서 규율하고 있다. 해양유전자원은 공해나 심해저의 한 곳에 고착되어 있지 않은 유동적 특성을 가지기 때문에, 기존의 구분적 레짐으로 온전히 규율되는데에는 한계를 가지고 있다. 또한 UN해양법협약은 공해레짐과 심해저레짐을 독립적으로 규율하고 있어, 양 레짐 간의 이질성은 국가관할권이원지역을 하나의 대상으로 통합된 규율원칙 하에 다루기에 불충분한 한계를 보여 왔다.
      이 논문은 국가관할권이원지역의 제도적 범위와 해당지역에 적용 가능한 UN해양법협약상의 규율원칙들을 분석함으로써, 국가관할권이원지역에 포괄적으로 적용될 수 있는 적정한 규율원칙을 도출하고자 한다.
      번역하기

      국가관할권 이원의 해역에 존재하는 해양자원도 그 이용가능성이 현실화됨에 따라 이에 대한 법적 지위와 이용에 관한 법적 규율의 문제가 현안과제로 대두되고 있다. 새로운 과학기술의 ...

      국가관할권 이원의 해역에 존재하는 해양자원도 그 이용가능성이 현실화됨에 따라 이에 대한 법적 지위와 이용에 관한 법적 규율의 문제가 현안과제로 대두되고 있다. 새로운 과학기술의 등장과 발전으로 공해와 심해저 상의 해양자원에 대한 탐사 및 이용이 가능하게 되었고, 특히 해양유전자원을 이용한 산업과 생물공학 분야의 상업적 가치가 크게 주목받고 있다. 이에 대하여 잠재적으로 모든 국가에 의하여 개발이 가능한 것인지, 그 개발의 결실은 인류 전체에게 이익이 될 수 있는 ‘공동 관심사’로 이해되어야 하는지에 대한 이견이 존재하는 실정이다.
      현재 해양상의 모든 활동에 대하여 1982년 채택된 UN해양법협약이 기본협약으로 기능하고 있다. 그러나 UN해양법회의 당시에는 해양환경 문제나 해양과학기술의 중요성은 크게 인식되지 못한 상태였으며, 국가관할권이원지역에 해당하는 해역에 존재하는 생물자원의 가치를 고려하지 못하였다. 특히 UN해양법협약은 공해지역과 심해저지역으로 구분하여 각각의 레짐을 설정하고 있어, 국가관할권이원지역에 대한 포괄적 법제를 구축하고 있지 않다. 공해레짐은 공해 수역 상의 모든 활동에 관하여 규율을 하는 것이고, 심해저 레짐은 심해저 광물자원의 이용과 보존에 관하여서 규율하고 있다. 해양유전자원은 공해나 심해저의 한 곳에 고착되어 있지 않은 유동적 특성을 가지기 때문에, 기존의 구분적 레짐으로 온전히 규율되는데에는 한계를 가지고 있다. 또한 UN해양법협약은 공해레짐과 심해저레짐을 독립적으로 규율하고 있어, 양 레짐 간의 이질성은 국가관할권이원지역을 하나의 대상으로 통합된 규율원칙 하에 다루기에 불충분한 한계를 보여 왔다.
      이 논문은 국가관할권이원지역의 제도적 범위와 해당지역에 적용 가능한 UN해양법협약상의 규율원칙들을 분석함으로써, 국가관할권이원지역에 포괄적으로 적용될 수 있는 적정한 규율원칙을 도출하고자 한다.

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      참고문헌 (Reference)

      1 강영훈, "공해상의 선박에 대한 관할" 한국해양연구소 9 : 1992

      2 United Nations, "Yearbook of International Law Commission vol. Ⅱ" United Nations 1956

      3 Myron H. Nordquist, "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary vol. Ⅲ" Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1982

      4 Angelica Bonfanti, "Trips on the High Seas - Intellectual Property Rights on Marine Genetic Resources" Brooklyn Law School 37 (37): 2011

      5 "Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1973-1982, volume Ⅴ, Documents of the Conference, Third Session: Revised single negotiating text (part Ⅲ"

      6 Tullio Scovazzi, "The negotiations for a binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction" Elsevier Ltd 70 : 2016

      7 Alex G. Oude Elferink, "The Regime of the Area: Delineating the Scope of Application of the Common Heritage Principle and Freedom of the High Seas" Brill 22 : 2007

      8 Donald R. Rothwell, "The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea" Oxford University Press 2015

      9 Frida M. Armas Pfirter, "The Management of Seabed Living Resources in "The Area" under UNCLOS" Asociación Española de Profesores de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales 11 : 2006

      10 Friederike Lehmann, "The Legal Status of Genetic Resources of the Deep Seabed" Faculty of Law The University of Auckland 11 : 2007

      1 강영훈, "공해상의 선박에 대한 관할" 한국해양연구소 9 : 1992

      2 United Nations, "Yearbook of International Law Commission vol. Ⅱ" United Nations 1956

      3 Myron H. Nordquist, "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982: A Commentary vol. Ⅲ" Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1982

      4 Angelica Bonfanti, "Trips on the High Seas - Intellectual Property Rights on Marine Genetic Resources" Brooklyn Law School 37 (37): 2011

      5 "Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1973-1982, volume Ⅴ, Documents of the Conference, Third Session: Revised single negotiating text (part Ⅲ"

      6 Tullio Scovazzi, "The negotiations for a binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction" Elsevier Ltd 70 : 2016

      7 Alex G. Oude Elferink, "The Regime of the Area: Delineating the Scope of Application of the Common Heritage Principle and Freedom of the High Seas" Brill 22 : 2007

      8 Donald R. Rothwell, "The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea" Oxford University Press 2015

      9 Frida M. Armas Pfirter, "The Management of Seabed Living Resources in "The Area" under UNCLOS" Asociación Española de Profesores de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales 11 : 2006

      10 Friederike Lehmann, "The Legal Status of Genetic Resources of the Deep Seabed" Faculty of Law The University of Auckland 11 : 2007

      11 Robin Rolf Churchill, "The Law of the Sea" Manchester University Press 1999

      12 Nele Matz-Luck, "The International Legal Regime of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Current and Future Developments" Martinus Nijhoff 2010

      13 Yoshifumi Tanaka, "The International Law of the Sea" Cambridge University Press 2012

      14 Daniel Patrick O`Connell, "The Interantional Law of the Sea vol.2" Clarendon Press Oxford 1984

      15 Hugo Grotius, "The Freedom of the Seas; Or, the Right which Belongs to the Dutch to Take Part in the East Indian Trade" Oxford University Press 1916

      16 Tullio Scovazzi, "The Evolution of International Law of the Sea: New Issues, New Challenges" Martinus Nijhoff 286 : 2000

      17 Kemal Baslar, "The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind in International Law" Martinus Nijhoff 1998

      18 Alexandre Kiss, "The Common Heritage of Mankind: Utopia or Reality" Canadian Institute of International Affairs 40 (40): 1985

      19 Edward Guntrip, "The Common Heritage of Mankind - An Adequate Regime for Managing the Deep Seabed?" Melbourne Law School 4 (4): 2003

      20 Elisabeth Druel, "Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: Options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" 49 : 2014

      21 "Summary Report by the Earth Negotiations Bulletin of the Eighth Meeting of the UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea" 2007

      22 Earth Negotiations Bulletin, "Summary Report by the Earth Negotiations Bulletin of the Eighth Meeting of the UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea" 2007

      23 Nico Schrijver, "Sovereignty over Natural Resources: Balancing Rights and Duties" Cambridge University Press 1997

      24 Douglas James Adrian Guilfolye, "Shipping Interdiction and the Law of the Sea" Cambridge University Press 2009

      25 Rosemary Rayfuse, "Securing a Sustainable Future for the Oceans Beyond National Jurisdiction: The Legal Basis for an Integrated Cross-Sectoral Regime for High Seas Governance for the 21st Century" Brill 23 : 2008

      26 "Report on the Work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its eighth meeting(UNICPOLOS Eighth Meeting Report)" 2007

      27 "Report on the Work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its eighth meeting" 2007

      28 International Law Association, "Report of the Fifty-Second Conference" International Law Association 1966

      29 "Report of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction" 2006

      30 Helmut Tuerk, "Reflections on the Contemporary Law of the Sea" Brill 2014

      31 Yoshifumi Tanaka, "Reflections on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction" Taylor & Francis Ltd 39 : 2008

      32 Till Markus, "Promoting Consistency in the Deep Seabed:Addressing Regulatory Dimensions in Designing the International Seabed Authority’s Exploitation Code" Wiley-Blackwell 25 (25): 2016

      33 Philip Allott, "Power Sharing in the Law of the Sea" American Society of International Law 77 (77): 1983

      34 Charlotte Salpin, "Patenting of Research Results Related to Genetic Resources from Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: The Crossroads of the Law of the Sea and Intellectual Property Law" Wiley-Blackwell 16 (16): 2007

      35 Lyle Glowka, "Ocean Yearbook vol. 12" University of Chicago Press 1996

      36 Tullio Scovazzi, "Ocean Yearbook vol. 12" University of Chicago Press 1996

      37 David Kenneth Leary, "More than just Bugs and Bioprospecting in the Abyss. Designing an International Legal Regime for the Sustainable Management of the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Beyond National Jurisdiction" Macquarie University 2005

      38 Tullio Scovazzi, "Mining, Protection of the Environment, Scientific Research and Bioprospecting: Some Considerations on the Role of the International Sea-Bed Authority" Brill 19 : 2004

      39 Natalie Klein, "Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea" Oxford University Press 2011

      40 Tullio Scovazzi, "Marine Protected Areas on the High Seas: Some Legal and Policy Considerations" Brill 19 : 2004

      41 Erik J. Molenaar, "Managing Biodiversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction" Brill 22 (22): 2007

      42 David Kenneth Leary, "International Law and the Genetic Resources of the Deep Sea" Martinus Nijhoff 2007

      43 Patricia W. Birnie, "International Law and the Environment" Oxford University Press 2002

      44 Lassa Oppenheim-Hersch Lauterpacht, "International Law" Longmans 1958

      45 Claudio Chiarolla, "Intellectual property rights and benefit sharing from marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction:current discussions and regulatory options" Edward Elgar Publishing 4 (4): 2014

      46 Elisabeth Mann Borgese, "Freedom for the Sees in the 21st Century: Ocean Governance and Environmental Harmony" Island Press 1993

      47 Harriet Harden-Davies, "Deep-sea genetic resources: New frontiers for science and stewardship in areas beyond national jurisdiction" Elsevier Ltd 137 : 2017

      48 Richard A. Barnes, "Consolidating Governance Principles for Areas beyond National Jurisdiction" Brill 27 : 2012

      49 "Chair’s non-paper on elements of a draft text of an international legally-binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction 28/02/17"

      50 Ane Jørem, "Bioprospecting in the High Seas:Existing Rights and Obligations in View of a New Legal Regime for Marine Areas beyond National Jurisdiction" Brill 29 : 2014

      51 Fran Humpehpies, "A Stewardship Approach to ‘Legitimate Interests’ in Deep Sea Genetic Resources for Use in Aquaculture" University of New South Wales Law Journal 40 (40): 2017

      52 René-Jean Dupuy, "A Handbook on the new Law of the Sea" Springer 1991

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      2022 평가예정 재인증평가 신청대상 (재인증)
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      2015-01-01 평가 등재학술지 유지 (등재유지) KCI등재
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      2008-10-10 학술지명변경 외국어명 : 미등록 -> SungKyunKwan Law Review KCI등재
      2008-05-13 학회명변경 한글명 : 비교법연구소 -> 법학연구소
      영문명 : Institute for Comparative Legal Studies -> The Institute of Legal Studies
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      0.6 0.57 0.849 0.28
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