Environmental performance reviews : Spain

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Foreword = 3
• General Introduction = 5
• List of Figures and Tables = 12
• Abbreviations and Signs = 14
• List of Team Members = 16
• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS = 17
• 1.Implementing environmental Policies = 18
• Achievements and further progress = 18
• Water management = 19
• Air management = 21
• Waste management = 22
• Nature conservation = 24
• 2. Integrating Environmental and Economic Decisions = 25
• Integration of environmental concerns in economic policies = 25
• Sectoral integration : transport = 26
• 3. International Co-operation = 28
• REPORT
• 1. THE CONTEXT = 31
• 1. The Physical Context = 31
• 2. The Human Context = 33
• 3. The Economic Context = 33
• 4. The Institutional Context = 36
• General = 36
• National environmental administration = 37
• Autonomous regions and the environment = 40
• Local administration and the environment = 42
• 5. Development of Environmental Policies = 42
• Part Ⅰ : POLLUTION AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• 2. WATER MANAGEMENT = 49
• 1. Current Situation and Trends = 49
• Freshwate resources and uses = 49
• Pressures on water resources = 55
• 2. Responses = 56
• Objectives = 56
• Policy framework = 57
• Prices, charges and fees = 60
• Funding and expenditure = 61
• 3. Environmenal Performance = 63
• Water quantity = 63
• Drinking water = 66
• Water quality = 66
• Hydrological planning = 70
• 3. AIR MANAGEMENT = 71
• 1. The State of Atmospheric Emissions and Air Quality = 71
• Emissions of atmospheric pollutants = 71
• Impact of air emissions = 73
• 2. Responses = 74
• Objectives = 74
• Measures to prevent and control air pollution = 75
• Air management and energy policy = 76
• 3. Environmental Performance = 80
• Air emissions and air pollution = 80
• Air quality management = 81
• Integration of environment in energy policy = 83
• 4. WASTE MANAGEMENT = 85
• 1. Current Situation and Trends = 85
• 2. Responses = 87
• Framework of management = 87
• Management of municipal and non-hazardous industrial waste = 88
• Hazardous waste management = 91
• Contaminated soil = 92
• Waste management in Catalonia = 93
• 3. Environmental Performance = 94
• Municipal and other non-hazardous waste = 95
• Hazardous waste and contaminated sites = 96
• 5. NATURE CONSERVATION = 99
• 1. The State of and Pressures on Nature = 99
• Status and trends = 99
• Pressures on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems = 102
• 2. Responses = 104
• Objectives = 104
• Institutional framework = 105
• Expenditure = 107
• Protected habitats = 107
• 3. Environmental Performance = 109
• Protection habitats and species = 109
• Integration of nature concerns and the use of natural resources = 111
• International obligations = 112
• Part Ⅱ : INTEGRATION OF POLICIES
• 6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES = 117
• 1. Economic Development and the Environment = 117
• Environmentally sound economic development = 117
• Economic impact of environmental policies = 122
• 2. Instruments for Policy Integration = 125
• Use of regulatory instruments = 125
• Use of economic instruments = 130
• Other instruments for policy integration = 134
• 3. Environmental Performance = 136
• Integration and planning at national level = 137
• Integration and planning among national, regional and local levels = 138
• Environmental policy implementation = 139
• 7. SECTORAL INTEGRATION : TRANSPORT = 141
• 1. Effects of Transport on the Environment = 141
• Current situation and trends = 141
• Environmental pressures from transport = 143
• 2. Responses = 144
• Objectives and policy integration = 144
• Measures concerning infrastructure = 145
• Measures concerning vehicles and fuels = 147
• Measures concerning urban traffic = 149
• 3. Environmental Performance = 149
• Integration through planning = 150
• Environmental impact assessment = 151
• Measures concerning vehicles and fuels = 152
• Modal choices = 153
• Part Ⅲ : CO-OPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
• 8. INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION = 157
• 1. Bilateral Co-operation = 158
• Portugal = 158
• France = 159
• Andorra = 159
• Morocco = 160
• Local co-operation, and marine pollution issues = 160
• 2. Regional Co-operation = 160
• Incorporating EU environmental legislation into Spanish law = 160
• EU funding for environmental activities = 161
• Transfrontier air pollution = 162
• Marine pollution = 163
• 3. Global co-operation = 164
• Climate change = 164
• Ozone-depleting substances = 165
• Marine pollution = 166
• Oil spills = 166
• Liability for environmental damage = 167
• Follow-up to UNCED = 167
• Desertification = 168
• 4. Aid = 168
• General aid = 168
• Environmental aid = 170
• Environmental funds = 171
• 5. Environmental Performance = 171
• General = 171
• Regional co-operation = 172
• Global co-operation = 173
• ANNEXES
• Ⅰ. Selected environmental data = 176
• Ⅱ. Selected economic data and trends = 178
• Ⅲ.A Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide) = 180
• Ⅲ.B Selected multilateral agreements (regional) = 184
• Ⅳ. Environmental data on the autonomous regions = 188
• Ⅴ. Chronology of selected environmental events (1991-96) = 189