Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV) is a bipartite begomovirus that causes significant yield reductions in chili pepper and tomato in Southeast Asia; nevertheless, experimentally confirmed assessments of biological variation among regio...
Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV) is a bipartite begomovirus that causes significant yield reductions in chili pepper and tomato in Southeast Asia; nevertheless, experimentally confirmed assessments of biological variation among regional isolates are limited. This study involved the collection of PepYLCIV isolates from symptomatic chili pepper plants in Indonesia and Thailand, followed by the cloning and sequencing of their full-length DNA-A and DNA-B genomes. Pairwise nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analysis established that both isolates belong to PepYLCIV, however they constitute genetically different clades, signifying evident intra-species divergence. To functionally identify these variations, infectious clones of both isolates were constructed and inoculated into Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants using agroinoculation. In both hosts, inoculation with DNA-A alone produced no symptoms or simply minor symptoms, whereas co-inoculation with homologous DNA-B caused significant leaf curling, yellowing, and growth retardation, indicating the important role of DNA-B in systemic disease and its progression. Mixed combinations of the two PepYLCIV isolates induced severe symptoms, but pseudorecombinant combinations with heterologous begomovirus DNA-B components generated only moderate infection. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated markedly more viral DNA accumulation for the Indonesian isolate compared to the Thai isolate in both hosts. Comparative sequence analysis indicated a distinctive 32-nucleotide insertion in the DNA-B common region of the Indonesian isolate, which was not present in the Thai isolate and had many predicted plant promoter-like cis-acting regulatory motifs. Conversely, conserved nonanucleotide sequences and similar iteron motifs were preserved between the two isolates, suggesting that variations in viral accumulation were not due to modifications in the core replication origin architecture. Pseudorecombination analysis indicated that Rep-iteron interactions were functionally permissive while quantitatively restricted. These results taken together suggested that non-coding variation within the DNA-B common region contributes to isolate-specific differences in viral accumulation and pathogenicity, offering new insights into functional diversity and pseudorecombination constraints in begomoviruses that infect pepper.