The advent of lithium ion batteries has changed the paradigm of our lives, bringing about the proliferation of a variety of portable electronics and vehicles. One of the leading players in the successful paradigm shift is the development of a superior...
The advent of lithium ion batteries has changed the paradigm of our lives, bringing about the proliferation of a variety of portable electronics and vehicles. One of the leading players in the successful paradigm shift is the development of a superior electrolytes and interfaces which have contributed to the achievement of high energy density. With an adequate electrolytes and interfaces, most battery performance criteria such as high voltage, high capacity, and stable cyclability are to be met beyond the expectations. However, with the demand of much superior performance from the ever-growing battery industry, innovative electrolyte and interfacial engineering technologies is constantly being highlighted. For this purpose, sophisticated electrolyte design for Li-S batteries and delicate ex-situ interface manipulating techniques for Li-ion batteries are covered in this text.
In chapter 1, a high donor electrolyte strategy to achieve high energy density in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is covered. Li-S batteries continue to be considered promising post-lithium-ion batteries owing to their high theoretical energy density. In pursuit of a Li-S cell with long-term cyclability, most studies thus far have relied on using ether-based electrolytes. However, their limited ability to dissolve polysulfides requires a high electrolyte-to-sulfur ratio, which impairs the achievable specific energy. Recently, the battery community found high donor electrolytes to be a potential solution to this shortcoming because their high solubility towards polysulfides enables a cell to operate under lean electrolyte conditions. Despite the increasing number of promising outcomes with high donor electrolytes, a critical hurdle related to stability of the lithium-metal counter electrode needs to be overcome.
As a solution to the above problem, Chapter 2 deals with an elaborately designed high donor electrolyte. Specifically, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) is introduced as a new high donor electrolyte for Li-S batteries. The high solubility of polysulfides in DMI as well as its activation of a new reaction route, which engages the sulfur radical (S3•–), enables the efficient utilization of sulfur as reflected in the specific capacity under lean electrolyte conditions. Moreover, the addition of LiNO3 stabilizes the lithium metal interface, thereby elevating the cycling performance to one of the highest known for high donor electrolytes in Li-S cells. These engineered high donor electrolytes are expected to advance Li-S batteries to cover a wide range of practical applications, particularly by incorporating established strategies to realize the reversibility of lithium metal electrodes.
Chapter 3 deals with delicate ex-situ interface engineering for high-speed charging lithium-ion batteries. Extremely fast charging (i.e., 80% of storage capacity within 15 minutes) is a pressing requirement for current lithium-ion battery technology and also affects the planning of charging infrastructure. Accelerating lithium ion transport through the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a major bottleneck in boosting charging; limited kinetics at the SEI layer, in turn, negatively affect the cycle life and battery safety as a result of lithium metal plating on the electrode surface. Here, we report a γ-ray-driven SEI layer that allows a battery cell to be charged to 80% capacity in 10.8 minutes as determined for a graphite full-cell with a capacity of 2.6 mAh cm−2. This exceptional charging performance is attributed to the lithium fluoride-rich SEI induced by salt-dominant decomposition via γ-ray irradiation. This study highlights the potential of non-electrochemical approaches to adjust the SEI composition toward fast charging and long-term stability, two parameters that are difficult to improve simultaneously in typical electrochemical processes owing to the trade-off relation.