개발이론과 성인 사회교육 전개의 이론적 탐색

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This paper considers development theory and adult and continuing education
based on related literature. Modernization theory dominated the mainstream
conception of development theory until the 1960s, and saw modernization as the
development of a modern sector based on industrialism. The fundamental premise
of modernization theory was that there is a single process of social evolution, the
highest stage having been reached by the United States in the 1950s. Much of the
writing on adult education and development in the late 1960s was couched in
terms of modernization theory. The role of adult education and continuing
education was to help people absorb the rapid social changes associated with the
transition from a developing society to a modern democratic state, through
maximum social mobility.
From the mid-1960s, the modernization theory of development came under attack
from various sides. Dependency theory challenged that present-day
underdevelopment is an original condition. This theory argued that
underdevelopment was created by unequal international relationships that have
developed since the sixteenth century. According to Baran (1957), the main
conclusion of dependency theory was that development must be based on a
socialist revolution and disengagement from the world capitalist market.
Neoliberal theory also challenged modernization theory, focusing on the idea that
the market mechanism is the means to ensure an efficient and productive
economy, and maximize economic welfare. This theory stresses free competition in
the marketplace. Neoliberalism gives priority to adult education and continuing
education meeting the needs of the economy. Thus new emphasis was put on
continuing education, skills training, and human resource development.
The populist model emerged in the 1980s as a reaction against Eurocentric,
top-down, environmentally damaging, and urban-centered development. It is seen
as having failed to meet the needs of those who remain without power in society.
This model centered on people-centered development, putting great value on
engendering the consciousness and abilities that are necessary for people to form
and manage their own organization. The populist model gives priority to forms of
adult and continuing education that empower the disadvantaged.