얼굴자극의 검사단계 표정변화와 검사 지연시간, 자극배경이 얼굴재인에 미치는 효과 = The Effect of Emotional Expression Change, Delay, and Background at Retrieval on Face Recognition

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 얼굴자극의 검사단계 표정변화와 검사 지연시간, 그리고 배경변화가 얼굴재인에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험 1에서는 학습단계에서 부정 표정 얼굴을 학습하고 검사단계에서 동일한 얼굴의 부정 표정과 중성 표정얼굴에 대한 재인 검사가 실시되었다. 실험 2에서는 학습단계에서 부정 표정 얼굴을 학습하고 검사단계에서 부정 표정과 긍정 표정얼굴에 대한 재인 검사가 실시되었다. 실험 3에서는 학습단계에서 중성 표정 얼굴을 학습하고, 검사단계에서 부정 표정과 중성 표정 얼굴에 대한 재인 검사가 실시되었다. 세 실험 모두 참가자들은 즉시 검사와 지연 검사 조건에 할당되었고, 재인검사에서 목표 얼굴자극들은 배경이 일치 조건으로 또한 불일치 조건으로 제시되었다. 실험 1과 실험2 모두에서 부적 표정에 대한 재인율이 높았다. 실험 3에서 중성 표정에 대한 재인율이 높았다. 즉, 세 개 실험 모두에서 표정 일치 효과가 나타났다. 학습단계에서 제시된 얼굴 표정의 정서와는 상관없이 검사단계에서 표정이 학습단계와 일치할 때 얼굴 재인율은 증가하였다. 또한 표정 변화에 따른 효과는 배경 변화에 따라 상이하게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과로 얼굴은 표정이 달라지면 기억하기 힘들며, 배경의 변화와 시간 지연에 따라 영향을 받는 다는 점을 확인하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The present study was conducted to investigate how emotional expression change, test delay, and background influence on face recognition. In experiment 1, participants were presented with negative faces at study phase and administered for standard old-new recognition test including targets of negative and neutral expression for the same faces. In experiment 2, participants were studied negative faces and tested by old-new face recognition test with targets of negative and positive faces. In experiment 3, participants were presented with neutral faces at study phase and had to identify the same faces with no regard for negative and neutral expression at face recognition test. In all three experiments, participants were assigned into either immediate test or delay test, and target faces were presented in both white and black background. Results of experiments 1 and 2 indicated higher rates for negative faces than neutral or positive faces. Facial expression consistency enhanced face recognition memory. In experiment 3, the superiority of facial expression consistency were demonstrated by higher rates for neutral faces at recognition test. If facial expressions were consistent across encoding and retrieval, memory performance on face recognition were enhanced in all three experiments. And the effect of facial expression change have different effects on background conditions. The findings suggest that facial expression change make face identification hard, and time and background also affect on face recognition.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 홍상욱, "표정이 얼굴 재인에 미치는 영향" 延世大學校 大學院 1999

2 한지은, "얼굴표정의 긍정적 정서에 의한 시각작업기억 향상 효과" 한국감성과학회 14 (14): 605-616, 2011

3 Langeslag, S. J. E., "Working Memory: Capacity, Developments and Improvement Techniques" Nova Science Publishers, Inc 2011

4 Williams, L. M., "The ‘when’ and ‘where’ of perceiving signals of threat versus non-threat" 31 : 458-467, 2006

5 Wagner, U., "The impact of post-learning sleep vs. wakefulness on recognition memory for faces with different facial expression" 87 : 679-687, 2007

6 Darwin, C., "The expression of the emotions in man and animals" John Murray 1962

7 Steinmetz, K. M., "The effect of emotional arousal and retention delay on subsequent-memory effects" 1-10, 2012

8 Grady, C. L., "The effect of age on memory for emotional faces" 21 : 373-380, 2007

9 Lucey, P., "The Extended Cohn-Kanade Dataset (CK+): A complete expression dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression" 94-101, 2010

10 Payne, J. D., "Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenes" 19 : 781-788, 2008

11 Johansson, M., "Recognition memory for emotional and neutral faces : An event-related potential study" 16 : 1840-1853, 2004

12 Tanabe-Ishibashi, A., "Raise two effects with one scene: scene contexts have two separate effects in visual working memory of target faces" 2014

13 Izard, C. E., "Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression" Academic Press 1972

14 Frank, R. H., "Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions" Norton 1988

15 Woloszyn, M., "Memory for facial expression is influenced by the background music playing during study" 8 (8): 226-233, 2012

16 Shimamura, A. P., "Memory for facial expression : The power of a smile" 13 : 217-222, 2006

17 Sergerie, K., "Influence of emotional expression on memory recognition bias : A functional magnetic resonance imaging study" 2 : 1126-1133, 2007

18 Sharot, T., "How arousal modulates memory : Disentangling the effects of attention and retention. Cognitive, Affective" 4 : 294-306, 2004

19 Aviezer, H., "First Impressions" Guilford Press 2008

20 Wang, B., "Facial expression influences recognition memory for faces : Robust enhancement effect of fearful expression" 21 : 301-314, 2013

21 Tulving, E., "Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory" 80 : 352-373, 1973

22 Gupta, R., "Emotions help memory for faces : Role of whole and parts" 23 : 807-816, 2008

23 Nomi, J. S., "Emotional facial expressions differentially influence predictions and performance for face recognition" 27 : 141-149, 2013

24 Ekman, P., "Emotion in the human face" Cambridge University Press 1982

25 Ohman, A., "Emotion drives attention: Detecting the snake in the grass" 130 : 466-478, 2001

26 Sharot, T., "Differential time-dependent effects of emotion on recollective experience and memory for contextual information" 106 : 538-547, 2008

27 Kanade, T., "Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis" 46-53, 2000

28 Van den Stock, J., "Body expressions influence recognition of emotions in the face and voice" 7 : 487-494, 2007

29 de Gelder, B., "Beyond the face : Exploring rapid influences of context on face processing" 155 : 37-48, 2006