Popularity of Vairocana in the Unified Silla Dynasty was natural phenomenon due to changes in both society and Buddhism at the time. During those periods, it was influenced by the ideas that almost all the sects like Avatamsaka Sect, Chan Buddhism, an...
Popularity of Vairocana in the Unified Silla Dynasty was natural phenomenon due to changes in both society and Buddhism at the time. During those periods, it was influenced by the ideas that almost all the sects like Avatamsaka Sect, Chan Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism worshiped Vairocana. Chan Buddhism allowed people with powers in region believe that they could become a king or a dominant power. Thus in this reason it was believed that even Chan Temple worshiped Vairocana, which was compared to the king. However, images of Vairocana with inscription were often related to the Silla Court or court officials. In order to secure their throne in the time of political chaos, kings in the late Unified Silla Period patronized temples in various parts of the country to build Stupas and Buddhist statues. Also, they invited Buddhist monks for lecturing and reading sutras.
The royal family built stupas that enshrined sarira, miniature stupas, and dharani according to Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhādhāraņī(無垢淨光大陀羅尼經). They also created statues of Tathagata Vairocana with Bodhaśrī mudra(智拳印). This means esoteric ritual was already popular in Silla since the mid-8th century. It is believed that esoteric Buddhism was widely known in Silla and they were ready to create images of Vairocana Buddha image with Bodhaśrī mudra.
Many Vairocana images with Bodhaśrī mudra in the 9th century was based on Avatamsaka ideal and was resulted from the fact that the various Buddhist sects worshipped Vairocana as their main Buddha. Scholars generally tend to connect popularity of Vairocana with local tradition and patronage. However, the court patronage of many Vairocana images with Bodhaśrī mudra in the 9th century was verified through the inscriptions. Thus the connection of royal authority to sculpting Vairocana in the mid Unified Silla Dynasty continued through the late Unified Silla. Emphasis on the local tradition was intentionally exaggerated due to the political chaos in the late period and by the sudden rise of power in local clan.