This paper aims to reexamine the literary critic Lee Heon–gu of the Japanese colonial period, focusing on his criticism of children’s literature and his position in the formation of nationalist literature. In the 1920s and 1930s, colonial Korean l...
This paper aims to reexamine the literary critic Lee Heon–gu of the Japanese colonial period, focusing on his criticism of children’s literature and his position in the formation of nationalist literature. In the 1920s and 1930s, colonial Korean literary circles were divided between the nationalist “People’s Literature” group and the proletarian KAPF movement. Positioned between these two extremes, Lee Heon–gu emerged as a critic of the Overseas Literature group who valued the autonomy of literature and the intellectual ideal of cultivation liberalism. He criticized the instrumentalization of literature for political ends, insisting instead that the essential function of art was to establish national subjectivity and cultural independence.
During his studies at Waseda University in Japan, Lee participated in the Children’s Art Research Society and later engaged with the Saekdonghoe upon his return to Korea. These experiences formed the foundation of his views on children’s art and national culture. In particular, his 1931 essay “The Cultural Significance of Children’s Literature” criticized the dominance of translated Western fairy tales and emphasized the need to systematically collect and study traditional Korean folktales and children’s songs as part of the nation’s cultural heritage. Lee regarded children’s literature not merely as an educational tool but as a foundation for national awareness and cultural subjectivity.
Lee’s criticism also reveals his intent to realize the social responsibility and realistic sensibility of literature through children’s writing. In his analyses of the fairy tales of Perrault and Tolstoy, he argued that art should possess the power not only to nurture imagination but also to restore human nature and engage with lived reality. This perspective demonstrates a form of non–ideological nationalist criticism that rejects the subordination of literature to ideology while affirming its role in fostering cultural reflection and moral renewal.
After Korea’s liberation, Lee became a leading figure in anti–communist and right–wing literary circles, eventually gravitating toward a state–centered nationalist literary theory. Yet his criticism from the 1930s clearly reflects an autonomous and intellectual humanistic vision that preceded this ideological inclination. He sought to preserve the independence of literature from politics while at the same time exploring the future direction of Korean national literature.
Thus, Lee Heon–gu’s criticism of children’s literature transcends the boundaries of mere literary history. It reveals the intellectual diversity of the colonial literary field and marks an early stage in the formation of children’s art discourse in Korea. In addition, it should be evaluated as an area of original criticism, not the history of nationalist literature held by him after liberation.