Sociology of marriage & the family : gender, love, and property

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PART ONE COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
• CHAPTER 1 Sociological Theory : Explaining Families in a Stratified Society = 2
• Introduction = 4
• Defining Families = 5
• A CLOSER LOOK 1.1 : Controversy over Family Sociology Textbooks = 6
• The Family in Current Controversy = 6
• Stratification : Inequality Inside and Outside Families = 8
• A CLOSER LOOK 1.2 : Sex Verus Gender : What's the Difference? = 10
• Modern Forms of Stratification = 10
• A CLOSER LOOK 1.3 : How to Avoid Talking About Social Class = 11
• The Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class = 13
• Equality and Inequality = 14
• Explaining Gender Stratification in Families = 16
• Explanation by Comparison = 20
• A CLOSER LOOK 1.4 : Historical Views of Gender and Families = 21
• The Uses of Family Sociology = 31
• Social and Political Issues = 31
• Our Personal Life Experience = 32
• Careers in Family-Related Professions = 32
• A CLOSER LOOK 1.5 : Some Professional Careers Using Family Sociology = 33
• Sociological Versus Psychological Approaches to Families = 33
• Summary = 34
• CHAPTER 2 The Social Ingredients of Families : Gender, Love, and Property = 36
• Introduction = 38
• A CLOSER LOOK 2.1 : Two Forms of Nonstandard Marriage = 39
• The Family as a Property System = 40
• Rights of Sexual Possession = 40
• A CLOSER LOOK 2.2 : What Counts as a Wedding? = 41
• The Incest Taboo and Exogamy = 43
• A CLOSER LOOK 2.3 : Brunhild's Wedding Night : A Medieval Battle Over Sexual Possession = 44
• Unilateral and Bilateral Sexual Possession = 47
• A CLOSER LOOK 2.4 : Incest in Ancient Egypt = 48
• Love as Emotional Possession = 50
• Sexual Possession or Legitimacy of Childbearing? = 51
• Economic Property and Household Labor = 53
• A CLOSER LOOK 2.5 : Where Does the Word Family Come From? = 55
• Cohabitating, Single-Parent, Gay, and Lesbian Couples = 55
• How to Explain Family Differences = 58
• Summary = 60
• CHAPTER 3 History of the Family I : From Kinship Politics to Patriarchal Households = 64
• Introduction = 66
• Societies : An Overview = 66
• Hunting and Gathering = 66
• Primitive Horticulture = 66
• Advanced Horticulture and Plow Culture = 67
• Agrarian States = 68
• Industrial Societies = 68
• Some Theories of Gender Inequality = 69
• Economic Theories = 69
• A CLOSER LOOK 3.1 : Esan Women and Inheritance = 73
• Political Theories of the Family = 74
• A CLOSER LOOK 3.2 : Polygyny in West Africa = 81
• Kinship Politics = 82
• A CLOSER LOOK 3.3 : Polygyny in an Arizona Town = 84
• The Politics of Virginity = 85
• Patriarchal Domination in the Agrarian States = 87
• A CLOSER LOOK 3.4 : Female Genital Mutilation = 88
• A CLOSER LOOK 3.5 : Politics of Male Circumcision Rituals = 90
• A CLOSER LOOK 3.6 : Medieval Versus Modern Houses = 92
• The Era of Maximal Male Domination = 93
• Countervailing Forces for Women's Status = 94
• Summary = 95
• CHAPTER 4 History of the Family II : The Love Revolution and the Rise of Feminism = 98
• Introduction = 100
• When Did Modern Families Begin? = 100
• Myth 1 : Extended Families = 100
• Myth 2 : Early Marriage = 101
• Western European Family Patterns Compared with the Rest of the World = 102
• The Love Revolution = 104
• Ancient Ideals of Love = 104
• Economic and Political Restrictions on Love = 106
• The Cult of Courtly Love = 107
• A CLOSER LOOK 4.1 : Medieval Courts of Love = 110
• A CLOSER LOOK 4.2 : A Victorian Love Poem = 111
• The End of Patrimonial Households = 111
• The Rise of Private Middle-Class Marriage Markets = 111
• The Victorian Revolution and the Sexual Double Standard = 112
• A CLOSER LOOK 4.3 : Two Famous Fictional Affairs = 113
• Battles Against the Double Standard = 114
• The First Wave of Feminism = 116
• A CLOSER LOOK 4.4 : Women's Independence and the Death of Romantic Love, Circa 1899 = 118
• A CLOSER LOOK 4.5 : Radical Suffragettes in England = 120
• The Victorian Strategy = 121
• Neglect of Working-Class Women = 121
• A CLOSER LOOK 4.6 : A Free Love Scandal = 122
• Summary = 123
• PART TWO DIVERSITY IN MODERN FAMILIES
• CHAPTER 5 Family Trends : The Twentieth Century and Beyond = 126
• Introduction = 128
• What Is Happening to Modern Families? = 128
• Sex, Marriage, and Divorce = 128
• Nonmarital Childbirth and Fluctuating Birthrates = 130
• Change, Not Disappearance = 132
• New Variants of Family Structure = 133
• Diversity in Families = 134
• Causes of Long-Run Changes = 135
• Why the Anomalous 1950s? = 136
• A CLOSER LOOK 5.1 : Nazi Germany and Stalin's Russia : Twentieth- Century Totalitarianism and the Family = 138
• Working-Class Affluence and the Growth of Suburbs = 140
• A Comparison : The Roaring Twenties and the Rebellious Sixties = 142
• A CLOSER LOOK 5.2 : F. Scott Fitzgerald on the Jazz Age = 144
• A CLOSER LOOK 5.3 : Churches and society in the Twentieth Century = 147
• The Second Wave of the Women's Movement = 148
• Conflict over Family Change = 150
• A CLOSER LOOK 5.4 : Men's Reactions to Women's Independence : Islam, Immigration, and Family Change at the End of the Twentieth Century = 152
• Summary = 155
• CHAPTER 6 Families and Work : The Economy, Social Class, and Inequality = 158
• Introduction = 160
• Stratification and Wealth = 160
• A CLOSER LOOK 6.1 : What Is an "Old Family"? = 161
• Has Inequality Been Increasing? = 162
• How Families Make Up the Income Hierarchy = 163
• Families in Poverty = 167
• Family Events Cause Income Fluctuation = 168
• The Mixture of Social Class Styles in America = 171
• Are White-Collar Jobs Middle Class? = 172
• Husbands' and Wives' Occupations and Mixed-Class Marriages = 172
• Working-Class Families = 174
• Early Marriages = 175
• A CLOSER LOOK 6.2 : A Working-Class Woman's Image of Marriage, Circa 1970 = 176
• Economic Realities in Working-Class Marriages = 177
• A CLOSER LOOK 6.3 : The Link Between Economic Stress and Racial Prejudice = 178
• Conflicts Between Men's and Women's Cultures = 181
• Working-Class Culture and the Family = 184
• Upper-Middle-Class Families = 185
• A CLOSER LOOK 6.4 : Class Differences in Mothering = 186
• Upper-Middle- Class Cultural Traits = 187
• A CLOSER LOOK 6.5 : Women of the Upper Class = 188
• Social Networks = 191
• Dual-Career Families = 192
• Gendered Job Markets and Family Change = 193
• Links Between Jobs and Family Life = 194
• Balancing Commitments to Job and Family = 195
• Summary = 196
• CHAPTER 7 Race and Ethnicity : Understanding Structural and Cultural Differences = 198
• Introduction = 200
• Is There an American "Melting Pot"? = 200
• A CLOSER LOOK 7. 1 : Life in Italian-American Neighborhoods in the Early Twentieth Century = 201
• Race and Ethnic Categories = 202
• Increasing Diversity Among American Families = 203
• African American Families = 204
• The Myth of the Black Family = 205
• Social Class Differences = 205
• Racial Discrimination and Its Paradoxical Consequences = 206
• The Question of Black Matriarchy = 207
• A CLOSER LOOK 7.2 : Sharing Networks Among, Lower-Class African American Women = 208
• The Case of the Black Underclass = 209
• Explanations for Marital Instability = 210
• A CLOSER LOOK 7.3 : Stereotyping Poor African American Mothers = 213
• Poverty and Black Family Form = 215
• A CLOSER LOOK 7.4 : The Scarcity of "Marriageable" Black Men = 217
• Latino Families = 218
• Latino Subgroups = 218
• Mexican American Families = 220
• Pressures for Change in Chicano Families = 224
• Latino Families in the Future = 226
• Asian American Families = 227
• Historical Precedents = 227
• Modern Demographics = 228
• Cultural Patterns = 229
• Stresses and Strains = 230
• Native American Families = 233
• Diversity Among Native American Families = 234
• Common Features of Native American Families = 235
• Summary = 238
• PART THREE LOVE, MARRIAGE, AND CHILDBEARING
• CHAPTER 8 Romantic Markets : Love, Cohabitation, and Marriage = 242
• Introduction = 244
• Love and Markets = 245
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.1 : Three Love Poems = 246
• What is Love? = 246
• Gender Differences in Love = 247
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.2 : Love and Marriage = 249
• Equity and Exchange Processes = 249
• Love as High-Intensity Ritual = 250
• Love and Jealousy = 252
• Love Advice in the Twentieth Century = 253
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.3 : Advice for the Lovelorn, 1900-1950 = 254
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.4 : Love Advice from the Kama Sutra = 256
• Gender and Emotion Management = 258
• The Romantic Market = 258
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.5 : The Influence of Physical Attractiveness = 260
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.6 : "Personal" Want Ads = 262
• A CLOSER LOOK 8.7 : A Study of Responses to Personal Advertisements = 264
• Market Resources and Opportunities = 265
• The Winepress of Love = 267
• Love Matches = 268
• Cohabitation = 270
• Marriage and Homogamy = 272
• Who Marries Whom? = 272
• Concluding Thoughts on Love and Marriage = 276
• Summary = 277
• CHAPTER 9 Erotic Ties : Marital and Nonmarital Sex = 280
• Introduction = 282
• Biological Versus Social Explanations for Sexual Practices = 282
• A CLOSER LOOK 9.1 : A Famous Literary Love Scene = 285
• Sex as an Interaction Ritual = 286
• Measuring Trends in Sexuality = 288
• Words Versus Actions = 288
• Sex Surveys = 289
• Nonmarital Sex = 291
• A CLOSER LOOK 9.2 : Husbands, Wives, Gays, and Lesbians : The Influence of Gender Roles on Sex = 292
• Who Does What How Often? = 294
• How Many Partners? = 296
• Who Initiates Sex? = 297
• A CLOSER LOOK 9.3 : Initiating Sex in the 1990s = 298
• Compliance and Coercion = 299
• Gay and Lesbian Sexuality = 300
• Understanding Changes in Sexual Activity = 302
• Marital Sex = 304
• Rates of Sexual Intercourse = 305
• Differences by Age and Social Class = 306
• Extramarital Sex = 307
• Concluding Reflections on the Significance of Sex = 313
• Summary = 314
• CHAPTER 10 Contraception and Reproduction : Making Babies in a Technological Age = 316
• Fertility Control in Cross-Cultural and Historical Contexts = 318
• Variation in Birthrates = 319
• Nonmarital Childbirth = 321
• Pregnant Brides = 322
• The Nonmarital Childbirth Explosion = 322
• Contraception = 326
• Historical Trends = 326
• Contemporary Patterns = 327
• A CLOSER LOOK 10.1 : Involuntary Sterilization = 328
• Sex Education = 331
• Abortion = 332
• Medical Abortion = 333
• A CLOSER LOOK 10.2 : Two Centuries of Abortion Battles = 334
• Birth Timing = 338
• Medical Risks of Delayed Birth = 340
• Infant Mortality = 340
• Childless Families = 341
• Compulsory Motherhood = 343
• Infertility = 344
• Assisted Reproductive Technologies = 344
• A CLOSER LOOK 10.3 : Assisted Reproductive Technologies = 346
• Surrogate Motherhood = 347
• Adoption = 348
• Childbirth = 349
• The Medicalization of Childbirth = 349
• A CLOSER LOOK 10.4 : Birth Practices of Some Nonindustrial Peoples = 350
• A CLOSER LOOK 10.5 : The Cesarean Explosion = 354
• Natural Childbirth = 354
• The Birth Experience = 355
• A CLOSER LOOK 10.6 : A Sensual View of Childbirth = 358
• The Transition to Parenthood = 358
• Does Childbirth Promote Gender Stratification? = 361
• Fathers' Participation in Infant Care = 362
• Coping With the Stress = 364
• Summary = 364
• PART FOUR FAMILY REALITIES
• CHAPTER 11 Domestic Life : Housework, Power, and Marital Happiness = 368
• Introduction = 370
• Who Gets More out of Marriage? = 371
• Americans' Opinions About Marriage = 372
• Marriage and the Law = 374
• Historical Precedents = 374
• Same-Sex Marriage = 375
• A CLOSER LOOK 11.1 : Inequities in Past Marriage Laws = 376
• Marriage as a Social Institution = 377
• Home as a Workplace = 379
• A CLOSER LOOK 11.2 : The Paradox of Labor-Saving Appliances = 380
• The Study of Household Labor = 382
• Who Does What? = 382
• Feelings About Housework = 383
• A CLOSER LOOK 11.3 : Paid Domestic Labor = 384
• Women as Household Managers = 386
• Men's Participation in Housework = 387
• Attempting to Share the Strain = 389
• Predictors of Household Labor Sharing = 390
• Fairness and Entitlement in Housework = 392
• What Difference Does Sharing Make? = 395
• Family Power = 396
• A CLOSER LOOK 11.4 : Who Has the Power? = 397
• Occupation = 397
• Income = 397
• Education = 399
• Social Participation Versus Isolation = 401
• Children = 401
• Outside Sources of Power = 401
• Happiness and Unhappiness = 401
• A CLOSER LOOK 11.5 : Measuring Marital Adjustment = 402
• What Makes a Successful Marriage? = 403
• The Pressure of Children = 405
• Other Predictors = 406
• Economic Success = 407
• Single- and Dual-Career Marriages = 409
• A CLOSER LOOK 11.6 : Housewives in the Mental Hospital = 411
• Summary = 412
• CHAPTER 12 Raising Children : Motherhood, Fatherhood, and Socialization = 414
• Introduction = 416
• Childhood in Historical Perspective = 416
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.1 : The Discovery of Childhood = 417
• From Economic Asset to Sentimental Object = 418
• Individual Versus Collective Patterns of Child Care = 419
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.2 : Child Rearing in Nonindustrial Societies = 420
• Current Idealized Images of Parents and Children = 421
• Parenting Today = 421
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.3 : Why Do Women Mother? = 422
• Who Takes Care of the Children? = 422
• Maternal Employment and the Need for Child Care = 424
• The Need for Child Care Is Increasing = 429
• Working Mothers : Does a Child Need a Full-Time Mother? = 430
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.4 : Families and Time = 432
• The Special Strains of Single-Parent Families = 433
• Discovering Fathers = 435
• New Patterns of Fathering = 436
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.5 : Can Men Mother? = 438
• Why Do Some Parents Share Child Care? = 438
• Growing Up = 441
• The Struggle over Love and Control = 441
• The Social Context of Development = 445
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.6 : Some Nondestructive Ways of Controlling Children = 446
• Social-Class Differences in Child-Rearing Styles = 447
• Instilling Gender Differences in Children = 448
• Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Stereotypes = 451
• Placing Children in the Social Mobility Game = 452
• Summary = 453
• A CLOSER LOOK 12.7 : IQ : How Much Is Inherited? How Much Difference Does It Make? = 454
• CHAPTER 13 Family Violence : Spouse Abuse, Child Abuse, and Elder Abuse = 458
• Introduction = 460
• Violence in Society = 460
• A CLOSER LOOK 13.1 : Rape Myth Acceptance Scale = 463
• Intimate Partner Violence = 463
• A CLOSER LOOK 13.2 : Measuring Couple Violence : The Conflict Tactics Scale = 465
• The Myth of Battered Husbands = 465
• Sexual Coercion and Marital Rape = 468
• When Do Battering Incidents Happen? = 469
• Types of Batterers = 472
• Causes of Marital Violence = 473
• Coping with Partner Violence = 478
• Intervention and Treatment = 479
• Child Abuse = 481
• Assessing Child Abuse = 482
• Folk Beliefs About Corporal Punishment = 485
• "Normal" Violence = 486
• The Causes of Child Battering = 486
• A CLOSER LOOK 13.3 : Corporal Punishment as a Ritual of Family Solidarity = 487
• Abuse of Young Children and Teenagers = 490
• Incest = 492
• Elder Abuse = 494
• Factors Associated with Elder Abuse = 495
• Common Features of Family Abuse = 496
• When Conflict Turns into Family Violence = 497
• Shifts in Family Power = 497
• Stress Surrounding Family Life = 498
• Traditional Authoritarian Gender Roles = 498
• The Combination of Violence-Producing Conditions = 500
• Summary = 501
• PART FIVE FAMILY CHANGES
• CHAPTER 14 Uncoupling-Recoupling : Divorce, Remarriage, and Stepfamilies = 504
• Introduction = 506
• How Much Divorce = 506
• When Does Divorce Happen? = 508
• Social Class and Divorce = 508
• Age and Divorce = 509
• Race and Religion = 510
• Causes of Divorce = 511
• Economics and Divorce = 512
• Morality and Individualism = 513
• A CLOSER LOOK 14.1 : Dealing with the Legal Entanglements of Divorce = 514
• Breaking Up = 516
• A CLOSER LOOK 14.2 : Divorce and Marital Violence = 518
• A CLOSER LOOK 14.3 : Uncoupling = 520
• A CLOSER LOOK 14.4 : Divorce and Downward Mobility = 523
• A New Social Life = 524
• Children and Divorce = 525
• Reacting to the Change = 527
• Long-Term Impacts = 528
• Child Custody = 530
• A CLOSER LOOK 14.5 : Joint Custody : What Actually Happens? = 531
• Visitation = 532
• Support Payments = 534
• Effects of Custody Arrangements = 534
• Remarriage = 535
• Who Remarries Whom? = 536
• Life in Reinarriages = 537
• Concluding Thoughts on Marriage and Divorce = 539
• Summary = 540
• CHAPTER 15 Life Course Transitions : From Adolescence to the Aging Family = 544
• Introduction = 546
• Life Course Variations = 546
• Adolescence = 547
• Attaining Adulthood = 549
• The Midlife Transition = 551
• The Empty Nest Syndrome = 552
• The Late Life Transition = 553
• A CLOSER LOOK 15.1 : Menopause : Stereotyping Older Women's Biological Aging = 554
• Gender Trends in Longevity = 554
• The Impact of Recent Demographic Trends = 558
• A CLOSER LOOK 15.2 : Social Security = 559
• How Much Contact with Relatives? = 559
• Death and the Family = 561
• Summary = 563
• CHAPTER 16 The Future : Social Policy and Family Well-Being = 566
• Introduction = 568
• The Main Trends = 568
• Ethnic Diversity = 570
• Sexual and Emotional Property = 570
• Cohabitation = 571
• Economics and the Marriage Market = 572
• Dual-Income Families and Class Stratification = 574
• Social Causes of Divorce = 574
• Family Conflict = 575
• Power Shifts = 575
• Stressful Situations = 576
• Traditional Authoritarian Roles = 577
• Motivations for Child Rearing = 577
• Ethnic Family Patterns = 580
• Gender and Class Stratification = 581
• The Need for Family Supportive Programs = 584
• Concluding Thoughts on American Individualism and Separate Spheres = 585
• Glossary = 588
• References = 594