Community Structure and Daily Rhythm of Forest Birds in Soejilmot and Mulchat Oreum Wetlands on Jeju Island Based on Environmental Conditions = 제주도 쇠질못과 물찻오름 습지 내 환경인자에 따른 산림성 조류의 군집구조와 일주기리듬|RISS 상세보기

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was conducted over a five-year period, spanning from March 2018 to March 2023, in the Soejilmot and Mulchat Oreum wetlands in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. In this study, I aimed to elucidate the manner in which environmental factors influenced the community structure and daily rhythms of forest birds in these wetlands. The results exhibited a total count of 61 different species and 4,975 individuals recorded in the Soejilmot wetland, whereas 39 species and 3,405 individuals were recorded in the Mulchat Oreum wetland. The Chao 2 richness analysis indicated higher potential species diversity in the Soejilmot wetland than in the Mulchat Oreum wetland. Analyzing seasonal distribution trends revealed increases in species and individual numbers in spring and summer and a decrease in winter. The dominant species in the Soejilmot wetland was Chloris sinica, with 47 individuals (10.76% of the total). In the Mulchat Oreum wetland, Zosterops japonicus was dominant, with 27 individuals (12.56% of the total). This dominance was attributed to the gregarious nature of these species. The analysis of bird diversity and environmental factors showed that elevated temperatures in spring and autumn increased bird diversity, whereas winter snowfall negatively affected bird diversity by limiting habitat accessibility. Wind speed was negatively correlated with species diversity, suggesting that strong winds adversely affected the foraging activities and habitat use of birds. In the Soejilmot, the presence of Thamnocephalidae sp. and Lyriothemis achygastra, species that rely on arid conditions for their development, was confirmed. These environmental conditions were positively correlated with bird diversity. In the Mulchat Oreum wetland, introducing Misqurnus anguillicaudatus and Carassius auratus negatively affected bird diversity as they preyed on potential invertebrate food sources. Comparing wetland environments with bird occurrence showed that seasonal wetlands were more favorable for bird habitation than freshwater wetlands because of their diverse and abundant food sources . Analyzing the daily rhythms of Passeriformes showed that Cyanoptila cyanomelana and Horonis diphone were mainly active early in the morning, whereas five species, including Muscicapa dauurica, Phoenicurus auroreus, Turdus hortulorum, Aegithalos caudatus, and Emberiza cioides, were primarily active around noon. This suggests that the periodicity of the activities of these species is linked to their environmental cycles, which influence their physiology and behavior. The habitat preference analysis revealed that wetlands had higher preference rates despite their smaller areas, whereas grasslands had lower utilization rates. Generalized linear model (GLM) analysis showed that species exhibiting high population densities used specific preferred habitats more extensively. Seasonal overlap coefficients (∆) ranged from 0.08 to 0.81, indicating a close relationship between these patterns and environmental factors such as climate conditions, population density, and food availability. In conclusion, although previous bird research on Jeju Island has primarily focused on the biological characteristics, status, community structure, and breeding of single species or populations, this study is important because it identifies the impact of seasonal biological changes on bird communities and elucidates the relationship between environmental factors and bird community characteristics. Moreover, this study demonstrates that seasonal wetlands provide advantageous conditions for avian biodiversity as consumers of higher trophic levels and highlights the importance of recognizing and protecting seasonal wetlands. These findings are expected to be widely used as practical data for formulating wetland conservation strategies. Ⅰ. Research background and objectives 1. The value of Jeju Island as a bird habitat Jeju Island, located to the west of Japan, east of China, north of Okinawa and Taiwan, and south of the Korean Peninsula, is an important ecological habitat for organisms. Its geographical isolation from the Korean Peninsula has been instrumental in the development of numerous subspecies, establishing the island as a unique reservoir of avian biodiversity (Unesco 2024). This oval-shaped volcanic island, approximately 73 km from east to west and 41 km from north to south, is dominated by Mount Hallasan, which rises to 1,950 m at its center (Kim et al. 2016). The island encompasses a diverse range of habitats, such as the Hallasan Natural Reserve, mid-mountain regions comprising Gotjawal terrain and volcanic cones (i.e., oreum), valley forests, uninhabited islands, ports, harbors, coastal and freshwater wetlands, urban areas, and farmlands. These landscapes are crucial in providing breeding and wintering grounds for a wide range of bird species. This is especially evident in lowland regions, where various habitats support different bird populations in various environments (Hong et al. 2021). Notably, the entire island is characterized by various unique volcanic terrains, which have been shaped by volcanic activity. This includes the presence of approximately 360 oreums (Song 2023). Despite its volcanic nature, Jeju Island is rich in wetlands, which play a crucial role in the ecology of the island (Jung et al. 2018). The mountain wetlands of Jeju Island are situated in forested areas and encompass several wetland types, including peatlands, marshes, and bogs. These wetlands also consist of non-forested areas with woody vegetation such as trees and shrubs (Quenta-Herrera et al. 2022). These ecosystems are renowned for their exceptional biodiversity, attracting various species that thrive under these specific conditions (Cherry 2011; Meli et al. 2014). Ephemeral wetlands, which collect water during rainfall and gradually release it, play an essential role in regulating local hydrological systems and groundwater resources, thereby providing highly favorable conditions for numerous plant and animal species (Bullock and Acreman 2003; Lim 2020; Ministry of Environment 2023). The mountainous wetlands surrounding Mount Hallasan, such as Dongsuak crater, the 1100 Altitude Wetland, Sumeunmulbaengdui, Baengnokdam, and Mulchat Oreum, are vital for maintaining the ecological diversity on the island (Hong et al. 2021). The 1100 Altitude Wetland and Sumeunmulbaengdui are particularly noteworthy. Despite their seasonal nature, these wetlands have been recognized for their rich biodiversity and designated as Ramsar wetlands, highlighting their global ecological importance. However, the biological significance of numerous other seasonal wetlands has not been extensively documented, indicating the urgent need for additional research to investigate the biodiversity and ecological contributions of these lesser-known areas. Furthermore, Jeju Island and its neighboring uninhabited islets serve as critical habitats for rare bird species, such as Helopsaltes pleskei, Columba janthina, Calonectris leucomelas, Egretta sacra, Pitta nympha, Terpsiphone atrocaudata, and Cyanoptila cyanomelana. The geographical isolation of these areas provides a sanctuary from anthropogenic disturbance and environmental threats, whereas the diverse volcanic terrain supports a vast array of habitats conducive to niche specialization and increased breeding success. These islets also function as vital stopover points for migratory birds, enhancing their chances of survival during long journeys (Heo et al. 2023). According to Kim (2018), 417 species, or approximately 72.77% of the 573 bird species recorded in South Korea, have been observed on Jeju Island. This statistic underscores the critical importance of the island to national avian biodiversity. 2. Bird studies and ecology in Jeju Island In 1905, the discovery of a male of the species Sitta villosa on Mount Hallasan marked the beginning of ornithological documentation on Jeju Island, a milestone that was published by the Duke of Bedford in 1909 (Choi et al. 2015). This event initiated a series of diverse avian studies that continue to this day. The forested regions on the island are broadly categorized into three main regions: Mt. Hallasan, Oreum, and Gotjawal forests. These regions contain a vertically stratified vegetation system comprising coastal plants, Gotjawal, grasslands, evergreen broadleaf forests, deciduous broadleaf forests, coniferous forests, and shrubs. This diverse range of plants supports various bird species. The community compositions of these bird species shift at different elevations and offer habitats to internationally endangered species such as P. nympha, T. atrocaudata, Gorsachius goisagi, and Aquila chrysaetos (Kang et al. 2013; Kim et al. 2020). Approximately 54 published studies have been conducted on the avifauna of Jeju Island (Table 1), with particular emphasis on forests and sea birds. Despite the abundance of species-focused research, comprehensive studies that examine the structural dynamics of bird communities and the various environmental and anthropogenic factors that influence these populations remain limited. Only 11 studies have investigated these broader ecological contexts, highlighting a gap in comprehensive ecological research on the island. a: Oglivie-Grant 1909; Kuroda 1917; Kuroda and Mori 1918, 1920; Mori 1928; Won 1968; Park and Won 1980; Park et al. 1985; Yun and Park 1986; Ko et al. 1994; Oh et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2006, 2007; Kim and Choi 2007; Kim and Kim 2009; Kim et al. 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2014, 2015b; Banjade et al. 2019; Kim et al. 2019a, 2020; Yun et al. 2020; Kang et al. 2021, 2022b; Jeong et al. 2023b; Kang et al. 2023. b: Sea bird studies include Kim and Oh 2003; Kim et al. 2004, 2005a, 2005b; Oh et al. 2010b; Kim et al. 2012; Eun et al. 2021; Kang et al. 2022a; Jeong et al. 2023a. c: Kang et al. 2009; Kim 2011; Kim et al. 2014, 2015a. d: Oh et al. 2002; Kim 2008; Oh et al. 2010a; Kang 2011; Park et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2019b; Jeong 2020; Jeong et al. 2022; Kim et al. 2022; Heo et al. 2023; Jeong et al. 2024. A comprehensive research framework incorporating long-term monitoring, ecological modeling, and integrated biodiversity assessments is required to effectively conserve the avian biodiversity of Jeju Island. Long-term monitoring is crucial for identifying and understanding gradual changes in bird populations and their habitats, allowing researchers to monitor changes in migratory patterns and population dynamics over extended periods. Ecological modeling aids these efforts by simulating the potential impacts of various environmental changes, such as climate shifts and habitat alterations, on bird species. In addition, ecological modeling is instrumental for predicting future species distributions and identifying potential threats, such as habitat destruction and the introduction of invasive species. The central hypothesis of this study was based on the premise that environmental conditions substantially influence avian communities. Permanently watered wetlands can support denser and more diverse bird populations than seasonal wetlands because of their consistent water availability. In this study, I aimed to investigate the specific impacts of different conditions within these wetland types on bird communities, thereby either challenging or confirming traditional views on habitat suitability. Category Forest birdsa Sea birdsb Avian statusc Avian community characteristicsd Number of studies 30 9 4 11 Table 1. History of avian species studies on Jeju Island Moreover, I proposed that the seasonal and structural changes in habitats substantially affect species composition within these communities, with different conditions attracting distinct species. The structural complexity of forests was also anticipated to influence the circadian rhythms of resident bird species, thereby affecting their daily activities and the overall functionality of ecosystems. This research was not aimed at conducting direct ecological assessments but was intended to provide foundational data for future ecological evaluations. This study fostered a deeper understanding of the complex interactions within bird communities on Jeju Island by analyzing the interconnectedness between species and their habitats. In addition, it assessed the impacts of environmental effects, such as changes in temperature, precipitation, wind speed patterns, and food availability, on migratory patterns and habitat suitability. This integrated research framework is poised to provide invaluable insights into the ecological dynamics of Jeju Island and contribute to more informed and sustainable environmental management practices. The overarching goal was to delineate the avian community structure within the forested wetlands of Jeju Island and elucidate the environmental determinants that influence the characteristics and circadian rhythms of these communities.

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국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 2018년 3월부터 2023년 3월까지 5년간 제주특별자치도 쇠질못과 물찻오름 습지에서 습지를 구성하는 환경 요인이 산림성 조류의 군집구조 및 일주리듬에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 밝히기 위해 이루어졌다.
연구 결과, 관찰된 조류는 쇠질못에서 총 61종 4,975개체, 물찻오름에서 39종 3,405개체였으며, Chao 2 풍부도 분석 결과, 물찻오름 지역보다 쇠질못에서 더 많은 조류의 서식 가능성이 확인되어, 잠재적 종 다양성은 쇠질못이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 계절별 개체수 분포 현황은 주로 봄과 여름에는 종 수와 개체 수가 증가하고, 겨울에는 감소하는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 쇠질못에서는 방울새 (Chloris sinica)가 47개체 (10.76%), 물찻오름에서는 동박새(Zosterops japonicus) 가 27개체 (12.56%)로 최우점종으로 확인되었는데, 두 지역에서 높은 우점율을 보인 종은 무리를 짓는 종 특성에 기인한 것이라 판단된다.
지역별 조류 종다양도와 환경요인을 비교해 분석한 결과, 봄과 가을의 기온 상승은 조류의 다양성을 증가시켰으며, 겨울의 강설은 서식지 접근성을 제한하여 조류 다양성에 부정적인 영향을 끼치는 것으로 나타났다. 풍속의 경우, 종 다양성과 음의 상관관계로 나타나 강풍은 조류의 포식 활동 및 서식지 이용에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석되었다. 쇠질못에서는 진흙성 퇴적물과 일정 기간 습지의 유량이 건조화 시기를 거쳐야 생장하는 가지머리풍년새우류(Thamnocephalidae sp)와 배치레잠자리(Lyriothemis achygastra)의 서식이 확인되었으며, 이러한 환경적 조건으로 인해 조류의 다양성은 무척추동물과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 반면, 물찻오름에서는 인위적 도입종인 미꾸리(Misqurnus anguillicaudatus)와 붕어(Carassius auratus)의 서식이 조류의 잠재적 먹이원인 무척추동물을 포식하여 조류 종다양성에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 습지환경을 조류 출현 현황과 비교했을 때, 담수형 습지보다는 계절성 습지의 서식환경이 다양하고 풍부한 먹이원을 충족할 수 있다는 점에서 조류의 서식에 유리하게 작용하였던 것으로 나타났다.
참새목의 일주리듬을 분석한 결과, 큰유리새(Cyanoptila cyanomelana)와 섬휘파람새(Horonis diphone)는 주로 이른 아침에 활동하는 것으로 나타났으며, 쇠솔딱새(Muscicapa dauurica)와 딱새(Phoenicurus auroreus), 되지빠귀(Turdus hortulorum), 오목눈이(Aeqithalos caudatus), 멧새(Emberiza cioides) 등 5종은 주로 정오 무렵에 활동하는 것으로 나타났는데 이러한 결과는 생물 특유의 일주기성(Periodicity)이 환경의 주기적 변화와 연결됨으로써 생물의 생리와 행동이 환경주기에 대응하고 있는 것이라 판단된다. 서식지 선호도를 분석한 결과, 습지는 면적에 비해 선호도가 높은 반면에 초지는 이용도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 GLM 분석 결과, 높은 개체군 밀도를 가진 종들은 선호도가 높은 특정 서식지를 더 많이 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 계절적 중첩계수 ∆는 0.08에서 0.81까지 다양하게 나타났는데, 이러한 패턴은 기후 조건, 개체군 밀도, 먹이원의 가용성 등 주변의 환경요인과 밀접한 관련성이 있다는 것이 확인되었다.
결론적으로 지금까지 제주 지역에서 이루어진 조류 연구는 대부분 단일 종이나 개체군 수준의 생물학적 특징이나 현황, 군집구조, 번식 등 일반적인 조류생태와 관련된 연구가 주를 이룬 것에 비해 이 연구는 생물학적 계절 변화가 조류 군집에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 환경 요인과 조류 군집 특성 간의 연관성을 밝혀냈다는 점에서 귀중한 자료가 될 것이라 판단된다. 또한, 이를 통해 계절성 습지가 먹이사슬의 고차 소비자인 조류 다양성에 유리한 조건을 제공한다는 것과 동시에 생물다양성이 풍부하다는 사실을 보여주며, 계절성 습지의 중요성을 인식하고 보호하기 위한 논거를 제공함으로써 습지 보전 전략 수립에 있어서도 실질적인 자료로 널리 활용될 것이 기대된다.

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이 연구는 2018년 3월부터 2023년 3월까지 5년간 제주특별자치도 쇠질못과 물찻오름 습지에서 습지를 구성하는 환경 요인이 산림성 조류의 군집구조 및 일주리듬에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 밝...

목차 (Table of Contents)

Ⅰ . Reserach background and objectives 1
1. The value of Jeju Island as a bird habitat 1
2. Bird studies and ecology in Jeju Island 3
Ⅱ. Regional avifauna and population fluctuation 6
1. Introduction 6

Ⅰ . Reserach background and objectives 1
1. The value of Jeju Island as a bird habitat 1
2. Bird studies and ecology in Jeju Island 3
Ⅱ. Regional avifauna and population fluctuation 6
1. Introduction 6
2. Materials and methods 7
1) Study area 7
2) Avian survey 9
3) Data analysis 10
3. Results 12
1) Sampling adequency 12
2) Species composition and dominance of Soejilmot and Mulchat Oreum 13
3) Monthly avian status 15
4) Migration patterns at the study sites 19
4. Discussion 20
Ⅲ. Correlation between species diversity and environmental factors 22
1. Introduction 22
2. Materials and methods 24
1) Climate data 24
2) Invertebrates 25
3) Vegetation 25
4) Fish 26
5) Data analysis 26
3. Results 28
1) Vegetation of the Soejilmot and Mulchat Oreum 28
2) Invertebrates as food resources 29
3) Fish survey 32
4) Regional correlation analysis 34
5) Multivariate analysis 39
6) Impact of fish on avian diversity using logistic regression analysis 43
4. Discussion 46
Ⅳ. Spatiotemporal niche separation among passeriformes 51
1. Introduction 51
2. Materials and methods 53
1) Filed sampling 53
2) Analysis of activity pattern 56
3) Analysis of habitat usage 57
4) Analysis of observation frequency and population dynamics 57
3. Results 60
1) Monitoring and circadian rhythms of passeriformes 60
2) Habitat usage patterns and population density influences 66
3) Seasonal variations in activity patterns and temporal overlap of avian species 69
4. Discussion 74
Ⅴ. Conclusions 80
Ⅵ. REFERENCES 83
Ⅶ. APPENDIX 102
Ⅷ. 초록 138

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