Bordetella bronchiseptica is a primary pathogen responsible for canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), commonly known as kennel cough. It can induce disease either as a single pathogen or through co-infection with viral and bacterial agents, wh...
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a primary pathogen responsible for canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), commonly known as kennel cough. It can induce disease either as a single pathogen or through co-infection with viral and bacterial agents, which contributes to the persistence and complexity of CIRD despite ongoing preventive efforts. With growing emphasis on animal welfare, there is an increasing demand for safer and more effective vaccines. However, current whole-cell and acellular vaccines have limitations in safety and efficacy. In particular, concerns regarding vaccine associated adverse reactions and insufficient protective immunity have highlighted the need to re-evaluate existing vaccination strategies. This study aimed to develop an improved subunit vaccine by integrating structural, immunological, and epidemiological analysis of B. bronchiseptica.
In the first phase, outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) were selected as antigen candidates from a canine isolate. In-silico analysis identified eight domains within DNT, with domains 3 and 5 showing the highest antigenic potential. Based on predicted antigenicity and recombinant protein productivity, DNT domain 3 (DNT-3) was selected as the final antigen candidate. Analysis of OMPs by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting revealed highly antigenic proteins at approximately 20 and 40 kDa. Stimulation of DH82 cells demonstrated that OMPs primarily induced Th1-type cytokines, whereas DNT-3 promoted Th2- and Th17- associated responses. Their combination led to a synergistic increase in IL-23, suggesting that the concurrent use of these antigens may require further evaluation for potential adverse immune effects.
The second phase involved evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of the antigen candidates in murine models. Vaccination with OMPs, alone or with DNT-3, induced strong immune responses and greater than 90 % survival following challenge at doses of 25 µg or higher of OMPs, accompanied by elevated IgG and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. IgG and HI titers increased in a dose-dependent manner following vaccination with OMPs and DNT-3. OMPs alone demonstrated the most favorable safety profile, causing minimal physiological changes post-vaccination. In contrast, mice vaccinated with DNT-3 alone showed limited protective efficacy. Commercial whole-cell vaccines triggered more adverse effects due to cellular wall and toxin components, whereas acellular vaccines exhibited limited protective efficacy.
In the third phase, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of B. bronchiseptica co-infections. Among 3,994 screened studies, 26 studies met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis following duplicate removal and stepwise screening. Studies were selected based on laboratory-confirmed B. bronchiseptica infection, explicit reporting of co-infecting respiratory pathogens, and availability of extractable epidemiological data, while non-canine studies, reviews, experimental-only reports, and studies lacking co-infection information were excluded. The pooled prevalence of co-infection was 47 % (95 % CI: 35-57 %), with Mycoplasma spp., and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) being the most frequent co-pathogens. Studies published in the 1900s reported a significantly higher co-infection rates (77 %) than those published in the 2000s (45 %, p < 0.05), indicating an overall declining trend over time. This decrease is attributable to improvements vaccination coverage, infection control systems, and environmental hygiene. No significant differences were found across geographic regions, housing conditions, or age groups, suggesting that broadly applicable multivalent vaccination strategies may be an effective preventive approach across diverse canine populations.
Collectively, this dissertation presents a comprehensive investigation of B. bronchiseptica antigens and co-infection dynamics. Through integrated structural, immunological, and epidemiological analysis, this study provides foundational data for the development of preventive strategies against canine B. bronchiseptica infection. The immunogenicity and safety of OMPs highlight their use as core components in subunit vaccines. In the context of increasing emphasis on animal welfare, the establishment of preventive strategies that ensure both efficacy and safety is essential. Furthermore, the findings support the necessity of a One Health-based approach, integrating pathogen genetics, immunological characteristics, and epidemiological evidence, for the rational design of vaccines and comprehensive prevention programs targeting canine infectious respiratory diseases.