보호책임의 국제정치: 인권, 국가주권, 유엔과 미국패권 = The International Politics of Responsibility to Protect: Human Rights, State Sovereignty, UN and American Hegemony

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글은 보호책임 개념의 고안과 명문화를 둘러싼 국제정치에 대한 검토이다. 르완다와 코소보의 비극을 배경으로 유엔 사무총장 아난은 효과적인 인도적 개입에 대한 국제사회의 합의를 촉구했고, 이를 위해 캐나다정부가 구성한 개입과 국가주권에 관한 국제위원회는 2001년 인권보호에 국가와 국제사회가 공동으로 책임이 있다는 보호책임 개념을 고안했다. 9/11 테러 이후 미국은 보호책임의 논리를 ‘도용’하여 대테러전쟁에 대한 협력을 주권의 책임으로 규정하고, 유엔 안보리의 승인 없이 이라크를 침공하였다. 아난은 안보 위협 전반에 대한 국제사회의 합의에 바탕을 둔 유엔 개혁을 통해 유엔의 적실성 위기를 타개하고자 하였고, 그 노력의 일환으로 보호책임의 명문화를 제안했다. 미국패권 대 국가주권의 대립을 축으로 하는 국제사회의 분열 속에서 2005년 유엔총회 세계정상회담은 안보 위협에 대한 합의와 유엔 개혁에 실패했고, 회담의 결과문건에 명문화된 보호책임은 효과적 인 인도적 개입은 무력화되고 대량학살, 인종청소, 전쟁범죄와 반인륜적 범죄에 국한된 것이었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

R2P (Responsibility to Protect) is a concept to condition state sovereignty upon state's protection of human rights. This article traces how the agencies of UN, the United States, and international humanitarian researchers/activists have struggled and cooperated with each other in the inventing and codifying of R2P.
Intervention in civil wars became UN's post-Cold War “growth industry” of new
peace operations. In the wake of the humanitarian crises of Rwanda and Kosovo, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for the international society's consensus on effective humanitarian intervention to be administered by UN. Responding to Annan's call and aligned with international humanitarian NGOs, Canada organized the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty whose December 2001 report invented R2P in order to overcome the hitherto confrontations between non-intervention and right to intervene.
R2P as an effective humanitarian intervention was stillborn by 9/11. The United
States abused R2P by imposing the world the responsibility to cooperate with its war on terror. It also invaded Iraq without UN Security Council's endorsement. Annan tried to recoup UN by forging international consensus on both all the security threats― hard and soft ― and UN reform measures including expanded Security Council and codified commitment to R2P. The divisions of international society, of which main fault line was between American hegemony and state sovereignty of the rest, forestalled international consensus on security threats and UN reform. Confined to genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and deprived of
effective intervention measures, R2P was codified in the Outcome Document of
UN's 2005 World Summit.

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