논문 / 미국 여성과 여성사 : 성 , 젠더 , 그리고 차이의 역사학 = A Study on Historiography of American Women's History : The History of Sex , Gender , and Differences

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Inspired initially by the social movements of the 1960s and the 1970s, some American historians redefined the very nature of historical study. The rise of social history has shifted the focus to ordinary people, including women and minorities. Social historians examine all kinds of sources, including city directories and house-by-house censuses, in order to construct a meaningful past for groups who could not speak for themselves. Social historians argue that we cannot develop a comprehensive vision of history unless we study the lives of ordinary people. The second wave of American women`s movement in the 1960s revealed the neglect of the historical activities of women. Influenced by the women`s movement, important fields of women`s studies developed not only in history but also in education, sociology, philosophy, and political science. History, however, was the outstanding field. Hundreds of universities offered women`s history courses and many women`s historians specialized their fields. Women`s history often addressed daily-life experience such as sex, courtship, childbirth, and child rearing. Women`s history scholarship has also changed many other areas of history. It does not simply add women to the pictures we already have the past but repainting the pictures in many ways. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the historiography of the American women`s history. In so doing, this study discusses retrospect and prospect. Even though the American women`s history became a specialized field in the 1970s, there have been many historical writings about women since the 19th century. For instance, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony energetically collected evidence of the women`s movement of their own time. They published six large volumes, entitled $quot;History of Woman Suffrage.$quot; In 1933, Mary Beard edited a documentary collection, $quot;American Through Women`s Eyes.$quot; She argued that an accurate understanding of the past required that women`s experience be analyzed with as much as historians normally devoted to the experience of men. She wrote a half century ago $quot;woman has always been acting and thinking at the center of life.$quot; The explanation about American women`s historiography in this study was mainly based on the Gerda Lerner`s viewpoint. However, it also included various studies. Historian Gerda Lerner suggested that the writing of women`s history can be arranged in four stages of development. The first stage she called $quot;compensatory history,$quot; in which the historian attempt to identify women and their activities. In the decade of the 1970s, some historians began to search for women whose work and experiences deserved to be more widely known. The next level was $quot;contribution history,$quot; in which historians described women`s contribution to topics, issues, and themes that have already been determined to be important. The work of contributory history was very important in connecting women to major movements in the past such as Hull House movement and Lowell Factory labor movement. Julia C. Spruill wrote important books that established women`s participation in and contribution to significant developments in American history about the urbanization and industralization. The third stage of women`s history was developed in the 1970s and the early 1980s. In this stage, historians attempted to rewrite the historical narrative. Final stage initiated in the late of 1980s, many historians introduced the concept of the $quot;Gender$quot; to interpret the women`s history. Historians increasingly asked questions about how people constructed meaning for their historical experience, and how difference between the sexes operated to shape the construction of meaning. Women`s history also suggested a more complex understanding of traditional categories of historical interpretation. As a major historian, Joan Scott analysed that gender itself is a social construction and history h