조선시대 불교의 십계(十戒) 연구 －『범망경』 십중계 이해의 변천을 중심으로－ = A Study on the Ten Precepts 十戒 of Joseon Dynasty Buddhism: Focusing on the Transformation of Understanding of the Ten Major Precepts in the Brahmā's Net Sūtra(Brahmajāla Sūtra)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study has demonstrated that while the Ten Major Precepts of the of the Brahmā's Net Sūtra 梵網經, a representative Mahāyāna bodhisattva precept text of East Asia, circulated among both monastic and lay communities during the Joseon Dynasty, there were differences in their patterns of understanding and interpretation. To overcome the absence of precepts’ literature from the Joseon period, this research systematically investigated dharma number texts 法數, the commentaries on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna 大乘起信論, and the literary collections of Joseon Confucian scholars. As a result, corruptions and transformations in the articles of the Ten Major Precepts of the Brahmā's Net Sūtra were discovered. First, the 8th-10th major precepts of the Brahmā's Net Sūtra were changed to the three elements of mental karma 意業: greed 貪, hatred 瞋, and delusion 癡. Second, the precept against sexual misconduct for monastics 不淫戒 was modified to the precept against adultery 不邪淫戒 for lay practitioners. Third, some versions of the ten precepts newly established "not eating meat 不食肉" as the 6th major precept.
Furthermore, this study provides an important foundation for examining the Jakbeop Gwigam 作法龜鑑 by Baekpa Geungseon 白坡亘璇(1767-1852), a representative monk of the late Joseon period. Baekpa Geungseon advocated a bhikṣu ordination method centered on the Ten Wholesome Precepts 十善戒, previously considered unprecedented in East Asian precept traditions. However, this study reveals that Joseon Buddhist adherents regarded the Ten Bodhisattva Precepts and Ten Wholesome Precepts as fundamentally analogous. This suggests that Baekpa Geungseon's interpretation, once deemed exceptional, may have been natural given the contemporary context where various Ten Major Precepts coexisted in plural forms during the Joseon Dynasty.