Biogas normally contains 35-45 % carbon dioxide (CO2), 55-65 % methane (CH4) and small quantity of hydrogen sulfide by volume. Depending on the ultimate use, different biogas treatment steps are necessary. Especially it is important to upgrade the bio...
Biogas normally contains 35-45 % carbon dioxide (CO2), 55-65 % methane (CH4) and small quantity of hydrogen sulfide by volume. Depending on the ultimate use, different biogas treatment steps are necessary. Especially it is important to upgrade the biogas to meet the standards for the grid injection and the use of vehicle fuel which requires a high energy content and purity in the biomethane. However, upgrading adds to the costs. It is therefore important to optimize the upgrading process with regard to low investment and operational costs, high CH4 content, and low CH4 emission, etc. Several techniques for biogas upgrading have been developed and commercialized; Absorption techniques (Water Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing, Chemical Scrubbing), Membrane Separation, PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption), Cryogenic Upgrading, In-situ Methane Enrichment (IME) System, etc.
A simple in-situ biomethane production system was developed to take advantage of the different solubilities of CO2 and CH4. The methane enrichment system consists of thermophilic plug-flow sorghum digester coupled with a leachate recycle loop to an external CO2 stripper.
A concept on the IME system described in this study was based solely on the differential solubilities of CH4 and CO2 under ambient pressure. For water the saturation solubility of CH4 equals 0.16 % of that of CO2 at 55℃ and ambient pressure. The hypothesized process used continuously recycled CO2-rich leachate from the plug flow reactor to an external CO2 stripping column. The stripper was operated using a sweep gas(N2) to decrease the partial pressure of CO2 in the leachate, thus stripping the CO2 in the leachate. The CO2-stripped leachate recycled back to the plug flow reactor where is able to absorb CO2 produced from fermentation of sorghum fed, and eventually upgrade biogas to produce enriched CH4 gas. Quantitative evaluation of the system variables defined the effect of recycle ratio (RR) and digester alkalinity/CO2 ratio (ACR) on offgas CH4 content, biogas productivity and TVS removal efficiency at a fixed sweep gas flow rate. As one of the system variables, the effect of intermittent stripping of CO2 at different sweep gas flow rates was also examined in this study. The objective of this study was to optimize system variables to produce biomethane in a simple in-situ methane enrichment system.
The results showed that the offgas CH4 content reached 95 % at the recycle ratio of approximately 3.2 L/L CO2 with its corresponding ACR of 12.9 g Alk/L CO2 at the digester alkalinity concentration of 4 g/L as CaCO3. At this operational condition the CH4 productivity was 0.92 v/v-d (93 % of the control) and TVS removal efficiency was 86 % which corresponds to 95 % of the control.
It was very interesting to know that the offgas CH4 content over 95 % was obtained at an intermittent stripping ratio of 4 hours stripping (N2 sweep gas 700 ml/min) and 1 hour no-stripping with the recycle ratio of approximately 3.0 L/L CO2 which corresponds to the ACR of 11.9 g Alk/L CO2 for the digester alkalinity concentration of 4 g/L as CaCO3. At this operational condition the CH4 productivity was 1.05 v/v-d (105 % of the control) and TVS removal efficiency was 85 % which corresponds to 94 % of the control. It thus resulted in a 20 % reduction in the total energy and sweep gas consumption.
The Ultimate biodegradability of sorghum used in this study appeared to be 91-92 %. The readily biodegradable fraction of 91 % (S1) of the sorghum BVS(So) degraded within the initial 15 days with k1 of 0.191 day-1, where as the rest 9 % slowly biodegradable fraction(S2) of BVS degraded for more than 65 days with the long term batch reaction rate(k2) of 0.006 day-1. The theoretical hydraulic retention times(HRTs) of anaerobic digesters treating organic wastes are easily determined by the analysis of multiple decay rate coefficients (k1 and k2) and their corresponding biodegradable substrate fractions (S1 and S2).