Essentials of criminal justice

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xv
• PART ONE The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice = 1
• 1 Crime and Criminal Justice = 2
• Is Crime a Recent Development? = 4
• Crime in the Old West = 5
• Crime at the Turn of the Twentieth Century = 5
• Developing the Criminal Justice System = 6
• The Modern Era of Justice = 7
• Federal Involvement in Criminal Justice = 7
• The Criminal Justice System Today = 8
• Agencies of the Criminal Justice System = 8
• The Formal Criminal Justice Process = 10
• CAREERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Finding a Career in the Criminal Justice System = 11
• The Criminal Justice Assembly Line = 14
• The Informal Criminal Justice System = 16
• The "Wedding Cake" Model of Justice = 18
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE MEDIA : Red Dragon = 20
• Perspectives on Justice = 22
• Crime Control Perspective = 22
• Rehabilitation Perspective = 24
• Due Process Perspective = 24
• Nonintervention Perspective = 25
• Justice Perspective = 26
• Restorative Justice Perspective = 26
• Perspectives in Action : Controlling the Drug Trade = 27
• Crime Control Strategies = 28
• Justice Model Strategies = 29
• Rehabilitation Strategies = 29
• Restorative Justice Strategies = 30
• Nonintervention Strategies = 30
• Perspectives in Perspective = 32
• Summary = 33
• Key Terms = 34
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 34
• Questions = 34
• Notes = 34
• 2 The Nature of Crime and Victimization = 36
• How Is Crime Defined? = 38
• How Is Crime Measured? = 39
• Survey Data = 39
• Record Data = 40
• Alternative Data Sources = 40
• Measuring Crime Trends = 41
• Official Crime Data : The Uniform Crime Reports = 41
• Victim Surveys : The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) = 43
• Self-Report Surveys = 43
• Are the Sources of Crime Statistics Compatible? = 45
• Crime Trends = 46
• Trends in Official Violent Crime = 46
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Factors That Have an Impact on Crime Rates = 48
• Trends in Official Property Crime = 50
• Victimization Trends = 50
• Self-Report Trends = 50
• What the Future Holds = 51
• RACE, CULTURE, AND GENDER IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : International Crime Trends = 52
• Crime Patterns = 52
• Ecological and Seasonal Differences = 53
• Gender and Crime = 54
• Race and Crime = 55
• Social Class and Crime = 55
• Age and Crime = 55
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Teens and Guns = 57
• Crime Victims = 58
• Causes of Crime and Victimization = 61
• Choice Theory : Because They Want To = 61
• Sociobiological Theory : It's in Their Blood = 61
• Psychological Theory : It's in Their Heads = 63
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE MEDIA : The Media and Violence = 64
• Social Structure Theory : Because They're Poor = 67
• Social Process Theory : Socialized to Crime = 67
• Conflict Theory : It's a "Dog-Eat-Dog" World = 69
• Developmental Theory : Things Change = 69
• A Final Word = 71
• Summary = 71
• Key Terms = 72
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 72
• Questions = 72
• Notes = 72
• 3 Criminal Law : Substance and Procedure = 76
• The Historical Development of the Criminal Law = 78
• Common Law and the Principle of Stare Decisis = 79
• Criminal Law and Civil Law = 81
• Sources of the Criminal Law = 82
• Common Law, Statutes, and Case Decisions = 82
• Administrative Rule Making = 83
• Constitutional Law and Its Limits = 83
• LAW IN REVIEW : Chicago v. Morales = 84
• Crimes and Classifications = 85
• Felonies and Misdemeanors = 85
• Other Statutory Classifications = 86
• The Legal Definition of a Crime = 87
• Actus Reus = 88
• Mens Rea = 89
• The Relationship of Mens Rea and Actus Reus = 90
• Strict Liability = 91
• Criminal Defenses = 91
• Ignorance or Mistake = 91
• Insanity = 92
• Intoxication = 93
• LAW IN REVIEW : The Insanity Defense = 94
• Age = 95
• Justification and Excuse = 95
• Reforming the Criminal Law = 97
• Changing Defenses = 98
• Constitutional Criminal Procedure = 99
• The U.S. Constitution = 99
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : The Criminal Law and Terrorism = 100
• The Bill of Rights = 101
• The Fourteenth Amendment = 102
• Procedural Due Process of Law = 103
• Summary = 104
• Key Terms = 104
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 104
• Questions = 104
• Notes = 105
• Criminal Justice Confronts Terrorism : Who Is the Terrorist? = 106
• PART TWO The Police and Law Enforcement = 109
• 4 Police in Society : History and Organization = 110
• The History of Police = 112
• Eighteenth-Century Developments = 113
• CAREERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Law Enforcement = 114
• Law Enforcement in Colonial America = 116
• Early Police Agencies = 116
• Twentieth-Century Reform = 117
• The Emergence of Professionalism = 118
• The Modern Era of Policing : 1960-2003 = 119
• Policing in the 1960s = 119
• Policing in the 1970s = 119
• Policing in the 1980s = 120
• Policing in the 1990s = 120
• Policing and Law Enforcement Today = 121
• Federal Law Enforcement Agencies = 121
• State Law Enforcement Agencies = 124
• County Law Enforcement Agencies = 125
• Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies = 125
• Technology and Law Enforcement = 126
• Information Technology = 127
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND TECHNOLOGY : Crime Mapping = 128
• Criminal Identification = 128
• Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems = 130
• DNA Testing = 131
• Communications = 132
• Summary = 133
• Key Terms = 134
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 134
• Questions = 134
• Notes = 134
• 5 The Police : Role and Function = 136
• The Police Organization = 138
• The Police Role = 139
• The Patrol Function = 141
• Patrol Activities = 142
• Does Patrol Deter Crime? = 143
• Proactive Patrol = 143
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : The Indianapolis Gun Control Program = 145
• Adding Patrol Officers = 146
• The Investigation Function = 147
• Sting Operations = 148
• Undercover Work = 148
• Evaluating Investigations = 149
• Improving Investigations = 149
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE MEDIA : Crime Scene Investigation : CSI = 150
• Community Policing = 151
• Broken Windows : The Development of Community Policing = 152
• Problem-Oriented Policing = 155
• Support Functions = 159
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Police Oversight : Civilian Review Boards = 160
• Summary = 161
• Key Terms = 162
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 162
• Questions = 162
• Notes = 162
• 6 Issues in Policing : Professional, Social, and Legal = 166
• The Police Profession = 169
• The Police Culture = 169
• The Police Personality = 170
• Policing Style = 171
• Police Discretion = 172
• Legal Factors = 173
• Environmental Factors = 173
• Departmental Factors = 174
• Situational Factors = 175
• Extralegal Factors = 175
• Who Are the Police? = 176
• Police Education = 176
• RACE, CULTURE, AND GENDER IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Racial Profiling : Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion? = 178
• Minorities in Policing = 178
• Women in Policing = 181
• Legal Control of Policing = 183
• The Police and the Courts = 184
• Custodial Interrogation = 184
• Search and Seizure = 187
• LAW IN REVIEW : United States v. Bin Laden = 188
• The Exclusionary Rule = 192
• Problems of Policing = 194
• Job Stress = 194
• Violence = 196
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Working with the Problem Cops : Early Intervention Programs = 198
• Corruption = 203
• Summary = 207
• Key Terms = 207
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 208
• Questions = 208
• Notes = 208
• Criminal Justice Confronts Terrorism : The Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism = 214
• PART THREE Courts and Adjudication = 217
• 7 Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense = 218
• The Criminal Court Process = 220
• State Courts = 221
• Courts of Limited Jurisdiction = 221
• Courts of General Jurisdiction = 223
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Specialized Courts = 224
• Appellate Courts = 224
• Federal Courts = 226
• U.S. District Courts = 226
• U.S. Courts of Appeals = 228
• The U.S. Supreme Court = 229
• Federal and State Court Caseloads = 232
• The Judiciary = 232
• Judicial Functions = 233
• Judicial Qualifications = 233
• The Prosecutor = 234
• Duties of the Prosecutor = 235
• Types of Prosecutors = 236
• Prosecutorial Discretion = 237
• Factors Influencing Decision Making = 238
• The Role of Prosecutorial Discretion = 239
• Legal Restraints = 239
• The Defense Attorney = 239
• The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney = 240
• Ethical Issues = 241
• The Right to Counsel = 241
• The Private Bar = 243
• Legal Services for the Indigent = 244
• The Competence of Defense Attorneys = 245
• Court Administration = 247
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND TECHNOLOGY : Technology and Court Management = 248
• Summary = 250
• Key Terms = 250
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 250
• Questions = 250
• Notes = 251
• 8 Pretrial Procedures = 252
• Procedures Following Arrest = 254
• Pretrial Services = 255
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Pretrial Service Programs = 256
• Bail = 256
• Bail Today = 257
• Receiving Bail = 259
• The Legal Right to Bail = 259
• Making Bail = 260
• Preventive Detention = 263
• LAW IN REVIEW : United States v. Salerno = 264
• Pretrial Detention = 265
• The Effects of Detention = 265
• Charging the Defendant = 266
• The Indictment Process-The Grand Jury = 266
• The Indictment Process-The Preliminary Hearing = 267
• Arraignment = 268
• The Plea = 268
• Plea Bargaining = 270
• Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining = 272
• Plea-Bargaining Decision Making = 273
• The Role of the Prosecutor = 274
• The Role of the Defense Counsel = 274
• The Role of the Judge = 275
• The Victim = 275
• Plea-Bargaining Reform = 276
• Pretrial Diversion = 277
• Summary = 277
• Key Terms = 278
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 278
• Questions = 278
• Notes = 278
• 9 The Criminal Trial = 280
• Legal Rights During Trial = 282
• The Right to Confront Witnesses = 282
• The Right to a Jury Trial = 283
• The Right to Counsel at Trial = 284
• The Right to Self-Representation = 285
• The Right to a Speedy Trial = 286
• The Right to a Fair Trial = 286
• The Right to a Public Trial = 287
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE MEDIA : TV or Not TV? Should Criminal Trials Be Televised? = 288
• The Trial Process = 290
• Jury Selection = 290
• Opening Statements = 293
• Motion for a Directed Verdict = 295
• Presentation of the Defense Attorney's Evidence = 295
• Closing Arguments = 296
• Instructions to the Jury = 296
• The Verdict = 296
• LAW IN REVIEW : The Danielle van Dam Case : Should Defense Lawyers Tell the Truth? = 297
• The Sentence = 298
• The Appeal = 299
• Evidentiary Standards = 300
• Summary = 301
• Key Terms = 301
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 302
• Questions = 302
• Notes = 302
• 10 Punishment and Sentencing = 304
• The History of Punishment = 306
• From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture = 306
• Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies = 307
• The Rise of the Prison = 308
• The Goals of Modern Sentencing = 308
• General Deterrence = 309
• Incapacitation = 310
• Specific Deterrence = 310
• Retribution / Just Desert = 310
• Rehabilitation = 311
• Equity / Restitution = 311
• Imposing the Sentence = 312
• Sentencing Models = 313
• Indeterminate Sentences = 313
• Determinate Sentences = 314
• Structural Sentences = 315
• Mandatory Sentences = 318
• Truth in Sentencing = 319
• How People Are Sentenced = 319
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Let's Get Tough : Three-Strikes Laws = 320
• What Factors Affect Sentencing? = 322
• Capital Punishment = 325
• RACE, CULTURE, AND GENDER IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Race and Sentencing = 326
• Arguments for the Death Penalty = 328
• RACE, CULTURE, AND GENDER IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : he Death Penalty Abroad = 329
• Arguments Against the Death Penalty = 331
• Legal Issues = 336
• Jury Issues = 337
• Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder? = 338
• Summary = 339
• Key Terms = 340
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 340
• Questions = 340
• Notes = 340
• Criminal Justice Confronts Terrorism : Courts and Terrorism = 345
• PART FOUR Corrections and Alternative Sanctions = 347
• 11 Community Sentences : Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Restorative Justice = 348
• Probation = 350
• The History of Probation = 351
• Why Probation = 351
• Awarding Probation = 352
• The Extent of Probation = 352
• Eligibility for Probation = 353
• Conditions of Probation = 354
• Administration of Probation Services = 355
• CAREERS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Probation Officers = 356
• Outies of Probation Officers = 357
• How Successful Is Probation? = 359
• Legal Rights of Probationers = 361
• The Future of Probation = 362
• Intermediate Sanctions = 363
• Advanages of Intermediate Sanctions = 363
• RACE, CULTURE, AND GENDER IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Alternatives to Incarceration Abroad = 364
• Fines = 365
• Forfeiture = 366
• Restitution = 367
• Shock Probation and Split Sentencing = 368
• Intensive Probation Supervision = 369
• House Arrest = 370
• Electronic Monitoring = 371
• Residential Community Corrections = 372
• Can Intermediate Sanctions Work? = 373
• Restorative Justice = 374
• The Concept of Restoration = 374
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Reintegrative Shaming = 375
• The Process of Restoration = 376
• Restoration Programs = 376
• The Challenge of Restorative Justice = 378
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Restorative Justice in the Community = 379
• Summary = 380
• Key Terms = 380
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 381
• Questions = 381
• Notes = 381
• 12 Corrections : History, Institutions, and Populations = 384
• The History of Correctional Institutions = 387
• American Developments = 388
• Icarceration Philosophies = 391
• Prisons at the Turn of the Twentieth Century = 392
• Jails = 395
• Jail Populations = 396
• Who Are Jail Inmates? = 396
• Jail Conditions = 397
• New-Generation Jails = 397
• Prisons = 398
• Types of Prisons = 398
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND TECHNOLOGY : Ultra-Maximum-Security Prisons = 400
• Prison Inmate Characteristics = 402
• Alternative Correctional Institutions = 403
• Prison Farms and Camps = 403
• Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps = 404
• Community Correctional Facilities = 406
• Private Prisons = 406
• Correctional Populations = 408
• Explaining Prison Population Trends = 409
• Prison Overcrowding = 409
• Summary = 410
• Key Terms = 411
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 411
• Questions = 411
• Notes = 411
• 13 Prison Life = 414
• Men Imprisoned = 416
• Living in Prison = 416
• The Inmate Social Code = 419
• The New Inmate Culture = 420
• Women Imprisoned = 421
• Female Institutions = 422
• Female Inmates = 423
• Adapting to the Female Institution = 424
• Correctional Treatment Methods = 425
• Individual and Group Counseling = 426
• Treating the Special-Needs Inmate = 426
• Educational and Vocational Programs = 427
• Inmate Self-Help = 431
• Can Rehabilitation Work? = 431
• Guarding the Institution = 433
• Female Correctional Officers = 434
• Prison Violence = 435
• Individual Violence = 435
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND THE MEDIA : Newjack = 436
• Collective Violence = 437
• CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND TECHNOLOGY : Technocorrections : Contemporary Correctional Technology = 438
• Prisoners' Rights = 440
• Substantive Rights = 441
• LAW IN REVIEW : Hope v. Pelzer = 443
• Leaving Prison = 444
• Parole = 444
• The Parole Board = 445
• Parole Hearings = 445
• The Parolee in the Community = 446
• The Effectiveness of Parole = 447
• Why Do People Fail on Parole? = 448
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : The Problems of Reentry = 449
• Summary = 450
• Key Terms = 451
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 451
• Questions = 451
• Notes = 451
• Criminal Justice Confronts Terrorism : Corrections and Terrorism = 455
• PART FIVE Juvenile Justice = 457
• 14 The Juvenile Justice System = 458
• The History of Juvenile Justice = 460
• Care of Children in Early America = 461
• The Child-Saving Movement = 461
• The Refuge Movement Spreads = 462
• The Development of Juvenile Justice = 463
• Juvenile Justice Today = 465
• Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender = 466
• Use of Discretion = 468
• Legal Rights = 469
• The Juvenile Justice Process = 469
• The Intake Process = 470
• The Detention Process = 470
• Bail = 472
• Plea Bargaining = 472
• Waiver of Jurisdiction = 472
• The Trial = 474
• Alternatives to the Juvenile Trial = 475
• Disposition and Treatment = 475
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Teen Courts = 476
• Juvenile Sentencing Reform = 477
• The Juvenile Correctional Process = 479
• Probation = 479
• Institutionalization = 480
• Deinstitutionalization = 481
• Aftercare = 481
• Preventing Delinquency = 482
• Community Strategies = 482
• Enforcement Strategies = 483
• Keep the Juvenile Court? = 484
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Operation Ceasefire = 485
• POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE : Should We Abolish the Juvenile Court? = 486
• Summary = 487
• Key Terms = 487
• InfoTrac College Edition Exercises = 487
• Questions = 487
• Notes = 488
• Glossary = 491
• Table of Cases = 500
• Name Index = 502
• Subject Index = 509
• Photo Credits = 520