이자겸의 집권 배경과 인종초 이자겸 권력의 공식화 = Foundation of Yi Ja-gyeom's Political Power and Officializing Process of His Power in the Early Period of King Injong’s Reign

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고는 이자겸의 집권을 가능케 한 복합적 요인을 분석하는 한편 그의 독특한 위상 및 이로부터 비롯된 막강한 권력을 고려가 어떠한 방식으로 공식화하였는지 구명해보고자 하였다. 이자겸은 非왕실 출신의 관료가 현왕의 외조부로서 생존 중인 최초의 사례였다. 동시에 그는 문벌네트워크의 광범한 지지를 모아 외손 인종을 보위한 즉위 공신이었다. 이자겸이라는 돌출된 존재의 등장은, 고려 왕실의 혼인 규범, 숙종 이후 정국과 왕실의 혼인 전략, 생물학적 우연이 종합적으로 맞물려 빚어낸 결과였다.
인종과 이자겸의 위계는 공적 영역과 사적 영역에서 역전되었다. 군신 관계인 인종과 이자겸은 가문 내에서 직계비속·직계존속의 관계에 놓였다. 고려에서는 이자겸과 국왕의 상충된 위상을 어떠한 제도적 틀로 담아내야 하는가에 대한 논의가 시작되었다. 고려는 중국의 전장·고사를 참조하는 한편 자국 봉작제의 원리를 파악하여 융통하였다. 그 결과 고려 최초의‘異姓諸王’ 朝鮮國公이 탄생하게 된다. 이자겸의 실각 이후에도 이성제왕의 개념, 그리고 ‘開府’와 ‘置僚屬’ 등 이성제왕을 지탱하기 위한 제도적 기반은 필요에 따라 변통되어 최씨무신집권기에 이르기까지 유의미한 전례가 되었다.
이자겸은 조선국공에게 허용된 공적기반을 활용하여 知軍國事를 참칭하는 단계까지 나아갔다. 군주권을 대리할 수 있었던 지군국사 직위는 고려 관료제의 논법에서 결코 허용될 수 없는 것이었다. 지군국사 참칭을 계기로 이자겸과 인종은 반목하기 시작하였고 이자겸을 지지하던 문벌네트워크에도 균열이 발생하였다. 기왕에 조선국공 이자겸이 향유한 공적 기반은 중국 및 고려 봉작제에 내재된 원리로 충분히 정당화될 수 있었던 반면 지군국사는고려전·중기의 정치구조 하에서 용납될 수 없었다는 점에서 큰 차이가 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article aimed at analyzing complex factors that made Yi Ja-gyeom in power and furthermore tried to find out how Goryeo reflected his unique authority in his position and officialized special power that originated from his authority. Yi Ja-gyeom was the first bureaucrat that was from non-royal family but alive as a grandfather of present king. In the same time, he was a meritorious retainer who enthroned his grandson King Injong by gathering support among aristocratic network members. His exceptional identities were formed by comprehensive combination of marriage rules of the Goryeo royal family, political situation after King Sukjong's accession, marriage strategies of the royal family in mid-Goryeo period, and biological coincidence.
Hierarchy between King Injong and Yi Ja-gyeom differentiated according to the public and private spheres. Serious debate on legislative ways to accept their conflicting conditions was proceeded in the early period of King Injong’s reign and as a result the concept of ‘feudal lords with different family names (異姓諸王)’, which had already existed in chinese investiture system, was created in the Goryeo dynasty. Yi Ja-gyeom got the title as Joseongukgong (朝鮮國公), new rank higher than duke (公; gong) of the royal family. This concept and systematic foundation like arrangement of feudal administration office (開府) for it were used continuously until the period of Choi dictatorship.
Yi Ja-gyeom went to the stage of referencing regent (知軍國事) as using the public foundation permitted to Joseongukgong. Unlike the case of Joseongukgong, this position of regent able to substitute for the monarchy could never be allowed in the Goryeo dynasty, and that’s why Yi Ja-gyeom failed in the end.

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