As globalization and innovations have intensified market competition among innovative firms, policy makers have appreciated the vital role of R&D activities and have thus enacted various policies to encourage them. Among effective policy alternati...
As globalization and innovations have intensified market competition among innovative firms, policy makers have appreciated the vital role of R&D activities and have thus enacted various policies to encourage them. Among effective policy alternatives in the real world, governments continuously improve favorable environments for R&D initiatives through regulating public institutions and organizations, aiming for the facilitation of innovations in society. Thus is justified by the fact that innovation activities are extremely time-consuming and require high capital investments. Thus, SOEs are mostly the key players in R&D-intensive industries, consequently R&D competition in a mixed market where public firms and private firms compete against each other might be observed in medicine, transportation, telecommunication and other fields.
Generally speaking, a mixed market has various definitions as either an economic system harmonizing elements of state interventionism (to manage market manipulation and to eliminate malfeasance) with free markets or competition between entities with different objective functions – public enterprise with private enterprise. Therefore, a public firm is considered as a state-owned-enterprise and its objective is to maximize social welfare.
Accordingly, the policy consequences of privatization and subsidization policies in mixed oligopolies in the presence of knowledge spillovers, where public and private firms compete in R&D investments and output production, are practical for academic and political debates. Therefore, this analysis is based on the application of three abstract cases of interaction and focuses on investigating the strategic relationship between the government and both public and private firms. The main findings of the dissertation are as follows.
First, this thesis analyzes the two-multi-stage duopoly model, where firms first compete in undertaking a cost reducing R&D investment within an endogenous timing game framework in the presence of exogenous spillovers, and after they compete in the Cournot output competition. Equilibrium outcomes in mixed and private markets can be contrary since the rate of spillovers may critically affect both privatization policy and the endogenous timing choice in an R&D decision. That is to say the privatization policy increases the profit of a public firm, but it decreases (increases) a private firm’s profit for a higher (lower) rate of spillovers under the simultaneous-move game and both sequential-move games. Also, findings of this research indicate that public leadership is more robust than private leadership in a mixed market.
Second, this study considers a mixed duopoly with research spillovers and it examines the interplay between firms’ R&D decisions and government’s output subsidies. That is to say that the two following scenarios (i) committed output subsidization policy and (ii) non-committed output subsidization policy are examined respectively. Precisely the R&D decisions are sequentially chosen after the output subsidy is determined in the former case while the order is reversed in the latter case. Findings of this study reveal that the equilibrium outcomes can be opposite between the two cases in mixed and private duopolies due to the heterogeneous objective functions of both public and private firms, but the spillovers rate is a key factor that determines their incentives. In particular, the output subsidy is smaller (larger) and welfare is larger (smaller) under the non-committed output subsidy policy for a higher (lower) degree of spillovers rate. However, privatization increases welfare in both cases only when the spillovers rate is weak. Also, irrespective of the spillovers rate, the optimal output subsidy decreases when the government implements the privatization policy.
Finally, the output subsidy policy regardless of its timing always grants higher welfare to society in a mixed market. On the other hand, the implementation of privatization with committed output subsidy decreases (increases) social welfare when the rate of spillovers is low (high). At the same time, social welfare under the policy mix of privatization and non-committed output subsidy grants higher welfare to society irrespective of the rate of spillovers.
Third, this research is also devoted to investigate the incentives for R&D information sharing in a mixed duopoly and exhibits a contrasting result whereby a public firm chooses full sharing while a private firm enjoys free-riding. However, an agreement-based incentive R&D subsidy scheme for RJV competition induces firms to internalize R&D spillovers and to earn higher payoffs through fully sharing their R&D information. In addition, policy-relevant implications on privatization are also provided.
After all, significant policy recommendations and implications based on the outcomes of the analysis are elaborated and presented. Valuable suggestions on the direction of future investigations of the chosen model in different attractive extensions of the R&D investment competition in a mixed market with research spillovers are constituted as well.
The main contribution of this thesis is that it extends the basic model into several different directions and analyzes the effects of subsidization policies as well as privatization policies on social welfare. Furthermore, these approaches complement by shedding some light on research works on the mixed oligopoly by analyzing the effect of government interventions on a firm’s R&D investment decisions in the presence of R&D spillovers.