정서차원과 얼굴제시영역이 얼굴표정 인식에 미치는 영향: 성차를 중심으로 = The Effect of emotional dimension and facial expression's presenting areas on facial expression's recognition: A comparison of gender differences

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this study, we observed the abilities to recognize facial expressions between the genders, the different types of emotions (basic and complex emotions) and facial expression presenting areas (whole face and eyes). We also investigated whether there are differences in ability to recognize facial expressions according to dimensions of emotion(pleasantness/unpleasantness and awakening/relaxation dimension). A total of 32 types of emotional state facial expressions which are linked relatively strong with the emotional vocabularies were presented. In each trial, an emotional vocabulary and four facial expressions were shown to the subjects who were told to choose one suitable facial expression which was matched with the emotional vocabulary. The results showed that the subjects judged better on the condition of basic emotions more than complex emotions, the whole face more than eyes, the pleasantness dimension more than the unpleasantness dimension and the relaxation dimension more than the awakening dimension. Also, it was found that women were better at judging facial expressions than men. This study suggests that gender, types of emotion, facial presenting areas and dimension of emotion have effects on recognition of facial expressions.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이수정, "정서의 잠재적 차원 연구" 14 (14): 139-154, 2000

2 김영아, "정서관련 어휘 분석을 통한 내적 상태의 차원 연구" 1 (1): 145-152, 1998

3 조경자, "정서 상태와 얼굴표정간의 연결 능력의 발달" 한국감성과학회 10 (10): 127-138, 2007

4 이정헌, "얼굴표정의 제시유형과 제시영역에 따른 정서인식 효과" 10 (10): 113-126, 2007

5 한재현, "얼굴표정에 의한 내적상태 추정" 1 (1): 41-58, 1998

6 오경자, "아동 청소년의 얼굴표정을 통한 정서인식능력과 심리 사회적 적응의 관계" 한국임상심리학회 21 (21): 2002

7 김혜리, "마음이론에 대한 다학문적 연구: 진화적 관점에 기초한 발달심리, 정서심리, 정신병리 및 신경과학 연구 ; 학술진흥재단 기초학문육성 지원인문 사회분야 심화 연구 중간보고서" 2006

8 Carrol, P. M., "facial expressions signal specific emotions? Judging emotion from the face in context" 70 (70): 205-218, 1996

9 Ortony, A., "What's basic about basic emotions?" 97 (97): 315-331, 1990

10 Ekman,P, "Universals and Cultural Difference in Facial Expression of emotion ; Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1971" University of Nebraska Press 1972

11 Hanawalt,N, "The role of the upper and lower parts of the as the basis for judging facial expressions: Ⅱ. In posed expressions and candid camera" pictures" 31 : 23-36, 1994

12 Nummenmaa,T, "The language of the face (Jyvaskyla studies in education, psychology, and social research)" University of Jyvaskyla 1964

13 Darwin,C.R, "The expression of the emotions in man and animals" John Murray 1872

14 Birnbaum, D. W., "The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality" 10 : 677-691, 1984

15 Scholsberg,H, "The description of facial expressions in terms of two dimensions" 44 : 229-237, 1952

16 Cacioppo, J. T., "Specific forms of facial EMG response index emotions during an interview: From Darwin to the continuous flow hypothesis of naffect-laden information processing" 54 : 592-, 1988

17 Allen, J. G., "Sex differences in emotionality: A multidimensional approach" 29 : 711-722, 1976

18 Rosenthal, R., "Sensitivity to nonverbal communication: The PONS test" John Hopkins University Press 1979

19 Baron-Cohen, S., "Reading the mind in the face: A cross cultural and developmental study" 3 (3): 39-59, 1996

20 Fraser, I. H., "Reaction time measures of feature saliency in schematic faces" 19 : 661-673, 1990

21 Hall,J.A, "Nonverbal sex differences. Communication accuracy and expressive style" Hopkins 1984

22 Green, R. S., "Multidimensional comparisons of structures of vocally and facially expressed emotions" 17 : 429-438, 1975

23 Ekman,P, "Methods for measuring facial action ; Handbook of methods in nonverbal behavior research" Cambridge University Press 1982

24 Ross, C. E., "Men who cry" 47 : 138-146, 1984

25 Baron-Cohen, S., "Is there a language of the eyes?" Evidence from normal adults and adults with autism or asperger syndrome" 4 (4): 311-331, 1997

26 Dittman,A.T, "Interpersonal messages of emotion" Springer 1972

27 Zuckerman, M., "Individuall differences in perceived encoding and decoding abilities; Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences" Gunn & Hain 171-203, 1979

28 Bush, L. E., "Individual differences multidimensional scaling of adjectives demoting feelings" 23 : 50-57, 1973

29 Izard,C.E, "Human emotions" Plenum Press 1977

30 Ekman,P, "Human Ethology, chapter About Brows: Emotional and conversational signals" Cambridge University Press 169-200, 1979

31 Wallbott, H. G., "How Universal and Specific is Emotional Experience? Evidence from 27 Countries on Five Continents ; Facets of emotion: Recent research" Erlbaum 1988

32 Ferguson, T. J., "Gender differences in the organization of guilt & shame" 37 : 19-44, 1997

33 Brody, L. R., "Gender & Emotion ; H&book of emotions" Guilford Press 447-460, 1993

34 Broucher, J., "Facial areas and emotional information" 25 : 21-29, 1975

35 Royal, D. C., "Empirical dimensions of emotional behavior" 15 : 419-, 1959

36 Premack, D., "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?" 4 : 515-526, 1978

37 Balswick, J., "Differences in expressiveness: Gender, interpersonal orientation, and perceived parental expressiveness as contributing factors" 39 : 121-127, 1977

38 Rusell, J. A., "Cross-cultural study of a circumplex model of affect" 57 : 848-856, 1989

39 Ekman, P., "Constants across cultures in the face and emotion" 17 : 124-129, 1971

40 Averill,J.R, "A Semantic atlas of emotional concepts" 5 : 330-, 1975