Legal and Policy Research on the Responsible Growth of the Digital Asset Industry II
Jinhwan Chang, Sunhyoung Lee, Goeun Seo,
Byoungyoun Kim, Ohoon Kwon, Seonggon Kim, Ungchae Jung.
This study aims to analyze the institutional challenges faced by th...
Legal and Policy Research on the Responsible Growth of the Digital Asset Industry II
Jinhwan Chang, Sunhyoung Lee, Goeun Seo,
Byoungyoun Kim, Ohoon Kwon, Seonggon Kim, Ungchae Jung.
This study aims to analyze the institutional challenges faced by the domestic legal framework for virtual assets and to propose future legislative and policy directions, in a context where the expansion of blockchain-based digital assets is inducing structural changes in the existing financial and economic order. Digital assets, through decentralization, smart contracts, and tokenization, fundamentally reconfigure the centralized trust structure and mechanisms of asset creation and transfer that traditional financial regulations have assumed, and this transformation affects not only capital markets and payment systems but also related administrative and criminal regulatory norms. Despite these developments, the current Virtual Asset User Protection Act constitutes a first-stage legislation focused on exchange-centered market conduct regulation and user protection. As such, follow-up legislation and complementary policy measures remain necessary to address core areas including issuance, custody, payment, and stablecoins. However, delays in second-stage legislation create conditions in which digital asset service providers face difficulty identifying clear standards for regulatory compliance, thereby potentially limiting predictability in the process of integrating emerging industries into the formal regulatory system.
To consider reasonable alternatives amidst this institutional gap, the regulatory frameworks of the EU MiCA, and those of the United States, Japan, and Germany were comparatively reviewed. Major jurisdictions regulate the entire market ecosystem by categorizing digital assets according to their functions and establishing systematic rules governing issuer authorization, reserve asset requirements, redemption rights, accounting, auditing, and disclosure, while also addressing market abuse and international supervisory cooperation. By contrast, Korea operates under a registration-based service provider structure in which functional licensing for activities such as issuance, brokerage, custody, and advisory services has not yet been fully established. In particular, core elements relating to stablecoins—including the composition of reserve assets, redemption procedures, and issuance requirements—require specific standards to be defined in forthcoming second-stage legislation. Moreover, disclosure frameworks relating to listing review, white paper publication, and material information updates largely depend on exchange-driven self-regulation, creating the need for statutory criteria governing information provision and the scope of legal responsibility.
Based on this analysis, the study proposes the following policy directions. First, while adopting digital assets as an overarching concept, functional categories such as payment-type, investment-type, and utility-type assets should be clearly distinguished, so that tax, accounting, and criminal law standards may be established coherently. Second, the current single registration structure should be replaced by a role-based authorization framework covering issuance, intermediation, custody, and advisory activities, accompanied by institutional arrangements that clearly delineate the roles and functions of supervisory authorities. Third, in the domain of stablecoins, legislation should define reserve asset composition ratios, redemption procedures, external auditing requirements, liquidity management standards, and cooperation mechanisms for payment, remittance, and FIU oversight, thereby ensuring financial stability and user confidence. Fourth, listing and disclosure regulations should be legally grounded, ensuring independence and externality in listing review processes, and specifying minimum white paper disclosure requirements and criteria for the publication of material information. Fifth, to secure international coherence and cross-border enforceability, domestic norms should be aligned with global standards such as FATF and IOSCO, and mechanisms for legal cooperation and mutual notification with foreign supervisory authorities should be institutionalized.
In conclusion, second-stage digital asset legislation should not be understood as a mere expansion of regulatory scope, but rather as a foundational step toward structuring the national digital economy. An integrated legal approach encompassing financial law, commercial law, criminal law, and administrative law is required. Through comparative analysis of domestic and international legislative developments, service provider regulatory frameworks, and norms governing disclosure, listing, and market abuse, this study provides institutional design criteria relevant to the preparation of future government proposals and parliamentary deliberations. It is expected that the findings herein will contribute to incorporating digital assets into the formal legal system, enhancing market credibility, strengthening industrial competitiveness, and improving international regulatory consistency, thereby serving as a practical reference for the development of a Korean digital asset legal framework.