All forms of culture including art are the fruits of a particular historical and local life, and it may be said that culture, which is built on the basis of the social, economic and political relations of a particular life, is the congelation of the d...
All forms of culture including art are the fruits of a particular historical and local life, and it may be said that culture, which is built on the basis of the social, economic and political relations of a particular life, is the congelation of the dreams and hopes of the society which created the culture. Art interacts with the humans with in its relation with the conditions of the times, and an artist does his or her artistic activity while observing the world from the society to which he or she belongs. In the postmodern era of the second half of the 20thcentury, society has undergone manifold changes, and the art scene also became very complex and dynamic as reflecting such changes in society.
If modernist art estranged a work of art from a viewer by forcing the viewer to have an absolute, unitary and fixed core to see an artwork purely as it was, postmodern art, which deconstructs and recomposes modernism due to its doubt about the validity of representation, emphasizes the diversity or ambiguity of interpretation while focusing on all the external factors including the differences among individual viewers’ inner experiences and the environment to which a work of art belongs. Thus, the diverse interpretations made by individual viewers let an artwork possess a pluralistic quality, and consequently it expands a viewer’s range of understanding.
This thesis attempts to inquire into the ways to enable postmodern art, which has difficulty in communicating with a viewer owing to the great diversity in viewers’ interpretations to communicate with a viewer through allegorically various interpretations and further to grope for the ways to enable contemporary art to communicate by transforming the negativity of its abstrusity into a certain constructiveness through the modern reinterpretation of allegory.
Although it had sometimes been regarded merely as a form of rhetoric while having been pushed by symbol, allegory has, as a mediator between art and the real life, provided a methodological base which speaks for the cultural phenomena of a certain period. As a result, the concept of allegory is sometimes regarded as a peculiar feature of a genre or an art form and other times it is interpreted to have different meanings in accordance with the metaphysical or ontological attitudes.
Allegory, which can be defined as a fragmentary piece that comes apart from the whole, plays an important role as a novel method to explain the organic flow of the pluralistic, postmodern society in which absolute meanings are deconstructed and thus absolute and universal standards are lost. Furthermore, allegory is being considered not as attesting to the existence of a fixed meaning of an artwork but as a principle, which evidences that the meaning of an artwork may vary in accordance with a viewer’s viewpoint, geopolitical location and horizon of experience. In understanding an artwork in the field of visual arts, allegory is started to be reevaluated as it proposes the compatibility between the visual and the linguistic in the open, pluralistic space.
Having been compared to symbol, allegory dilapidated in the 18th century for the reasons that its status as a signifier placed a limit in its expressive capacity and that its use of fixed iconology resulted in the lack of pure creativity. It was through the efforts of Walter Benjamin that allegory was restored to have its modern significance. Benjamin made a tremendous contribution to the reinstatement of allegory, which had been regarded as a form of rhetoric inferior to symbol since the Renaissance, as an important mediator through which one understands an artistic, aesthetic phenomenon. In other words, Benjamin’s theory of allegory prepared the ground for the development of allegory into a constructive methodology through which the ambiguity of postmodern phenomena could be analyzed. His idea of allegory can be, first of all, examined as an arbitrary sign which is based on the linguistic.
When modernism whose emphasis was placed on the absolute, the unitary and the fixed was waning and postmodernism, which emphasizes pluralism as it relates itself with external factors, emerges, a variety of theories appear to meet the demands of the times. In this atmosphere, having assumed that it would be hard for modernism to explain postmodern cultural phenomena, which are fragmentary and deconstructive, as long as modernism adheres to the unitary vision that advocates symbolism and romanticism, Owens engages allegory as a term to encompass the attitude, the method, the process and the reception, in the discourse for the understanding of pluralistic, postmodern art.
Having been deeply skeptical about representation, postmodern art deconstructs and recomposes modernism, and it reflects life as it forms a reciprocal relationship with every external element including the different inner experiences of viewers and the environment to which a work of art belongs, and thus it is in itself the essence and the subject. A work of art is, therefore, to have a pluralistic quality due to the diversity of the interpretations done by different viewers, and consequently it expands the territory of a viewer’s personal perception. It is an artist’s task to imbue an artwork with a meaning by use of allegory, but together with social phenomena as backgrounds, a viewer constantly supplements the meaning and reinforces the multiplicity of meaning. A viewer includes himself or herself in the deduced, allegorical meaning through the process action of viewing and reading an artwork.
The objective of this thesis is to present allegory as a novel discourse through which the gap between a viewer and an artwork can be narrowed. In addition, since this context can be applied to the understanding of my artistic work, I attempted to establish the theoretical foundation of my work by using the concept of allegory which is deduced from my interpretations and analyses of both my own work and works by those artists who have exerted a tremendous impact on my work while making a remarkable use of allegory while aiming for postmodern art.
The difficulty in reading an allegorical artwork lies in the fact that the multifold relationships between the outcome of an artistic activity and the factors external to the artwork are constantly changing. That is the reason that it is not possible to draw a simple and coherent meaning from an allegorical artwork. Thus, in order to understand such an artwork, one should interpret the artwork by reading the layers of texts intertwining one another like the parchment that exposes the vivid traces of repeated revisions, as Owens said, and for this one ought to communicate and perceive the signs or symbols of every environment that dominates the work of art including the social and cultural backgrounds for the artwork.