Effectiveness of CALL Vocabulary and Silent Sustained Reading on TOEIC Scores

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

TOEIC continues to be an important test in Asia and TOEIC preparation classes are as popular as they have ever been. Little research has been done, however, to determine the most effective ways to help students prepare for this test. This study sought to analyze the impact of explicit TOEIC instruction when supplemented with Silent Sustained Reading (SSR) and an online vocabulary learning program. Four combinations of these practices were tested: (1) explicit instruction supplemented by online vocabulary instruction, 2) a combination of explicit instruction, SSR and online vocabulary practice, 3) explicit instruction supplemented by SSR, and 4)explicit instruction only. Total time for instruction and practice were kept constant among the four groups. Due to between-group differences on pre-test TOEIC scores,an ANCOVA analysis was used. On total TOEIC scores, all groups made significant and statistically equal gains. However, on an analysis of the reading portion of the TOEIC results, group 2 (combination of explicit instruction, SSR, and online vocabulary practice) outperformed group 4 (explicit practice only group). The author concludes that the combination of all three practices had a synergistic effect on the reading portion of the test and led to superior gains.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Manning, M., "silent reading: An update of the research, In Revisiting silent reading" International Reading Association 112-128, 2010

2 Laufer, B., "What percentage of text lexis is essential for comprehension?, In Special language: From humans thinking to thinking machines" Multilingual Matters 316-323, 1989

3 Nation, I. S. P., "Vocabulary, In An introduction to applied linguistics" Oxford University Press, Inc 35-54, 2002

4 Kanzaki, M., "Vocabulary size, TOEIC scores, and testwiseness, In JALT 2009 Conference Proceedings" JALT 2010

5 Miller, K., "The pitfalls of implementing TOEIC preparation courses"

6 Boldt, R. F., "The impact of training type and time on TOEIC scores, In TOEIC Research Summary #3" Chauncey Group International 1998

7 Wiesendanger, K., "The effectiveness of SSR : An overview of the research" 24 : 195-201, 1984

8 Grabe, W., "Teaching and researching reading" Pearson Education Ltd 2002

9 "TOEIC Newsletter #89" International Business Communication

10 Petrimoulx, J., "Sustained silent reading in an ESL class: A study" 1988

11 Bahrick, H. P., "Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school" 113 : 1-29, 1984

12 Beglar, D., "Revising and validating the 2000 word level and university word level vocabulary tests" 16 (16): 131-162, 1999

13 Tanimura, M., "Reading materials for learning TOEIC vocabulary based on corpus data" 42 : 81-95, 2006

14 Haladyna, T. M., "Raising standardized achievement test scores and the origins of test score pollution" 20 (20): 20-25, 1991

15 Noble, A. J., "Measurement-driven reform : Research on policy, practice, repercussion" Arizona State University, CSE 1994

16 Lougheed, L., "Longman preparation series for the new TOEIC test, introductory course (4th ed.)" Pearson Education Inc 2006

17 Nation, I. S. P., "Learning vocabulary in another language" Cambridge University Press 2001

18 Smith, K., "Integrating one hour of in-school weekly SSR: Effects on proficiency and spelling" 7 (7): 1-7, 2010

19 McCraken, R. A., "Initiating sustained silent reading" 14 (14): 521-524, 1971

20 Laufer, B., "How much lexis is necessary for reading comprehension?, In Vocabulary and applied linguistics" Macmillan 126-132, 1992

21 Chujo, K., "How many words do you need to know to understand TOEIC, TOEFL & EIKEN? An examination of text coverage and high frequency vocabulary" 6 (6): 121-148, 2009

22 Falout, J. J., "Focused tasks on proceduralized TOEIC® learning strategies. The interface between interlanguage, pragmatics and assessment" 2004

23 Mizumoto, A., "Exploring the driving forces behind TOEIC scores : Focusing on vocabulary learning strategies, motivation, and study time" 46 : 17-32, 2008

24 Krashen, S. D., "Explorations in language acquisition and use: The Taipei lectures" Heinemann Publishers 2003

25 Hamp-Lyons, L., "Ethical test preparation practice : The case of the TOEFL" 33 (33): 329-337, 1998

26 Pan, Y. C., "Enhancing students’ communicative competency and test-taking skills through TOEIC preparatory materials" 3 : 81-91, 2010

27 Pendergast, T., "English language proficiency gains in an integrated self-access program class of 2005 Part 2 : The ETS test battery" 49 : 355-369, 2010

28 Chujo, K., "Eigo shokyuusha-muke TOEIC goi 1 & 2 no sentei to sono kouka [Selecting TOEIC vocabulary 1 & 2 for beginning-level students and measuring its effect on a sample TOEIC test]" 36 : 27-42, 2003

29 Agawa, G., "Effects of web-based vocabulary training for TOEIC" 2011

30 Chujo, K., "Comparing the three specialized vocabularies used in ‘Business English,’ TOEIC" 11 : 1-15, 2004

31 Storey, C. W., "Can extensive reading boost TOEIC scores?" 2006

32 Chujo, K., "Bridging the vocabulary gap : From EGP to EAP" 37 : 73-84, 2003

33 스캇마일즈, "Benefits of Using CALL Vocabulary Programs to Provide Systematic Word Recycling" 한국영어교육학회 63 (63): 199-216, 2008

34 Qian, D., "Assessing the roles of depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge in reading comprehension" 56 : 282-238, 1999

35 Phillips, J., "An investigation into the effect of targeted vocabulary learning using a spaced repetition flashcard system on TOEIC scores. Aoyama Gakuin Women’s Junior College Minutes, 2011. 55-62"

36 Pilgreen, J. L., "A “stacked for success” sustained silent reading program for high school English language development students (ELD): It’s impact of reading comprehension attitudes toward reading, frequency of outside reading, and range of reading sources" 1994

37 Robb, T., "A study of the effect of direct test preparation on the TOEIC scores of Japanese university students" 3 (3): 1999

38 Lee, S. Y., "A one-year study of SSR : University level EFL students in Taiwan" 2 (2): 6-8, 2006

39 Pimsleur, P., "A memory schedule" 51 (51): 73-75, 1967

40 Falout, J. J., "A four-year longitudinal case study on a Japanese college laboratory of science majors preparing for the TOEIC" JALT 1140-1151, 2005