What possibilities could be drawn from the juxtaposition of image and speech? In traditional documentaries, image and voice-over narration lay a certain illusionist effect that make the content seem truthful, and the voice-over narration fixates what ...
What possibilities could be drawn from the juxtaposition of image and speech? In traditional documentaries, image and voice-over narration lay a certain illusionist effect that make the content seem truthful, and the voice-over narration fixates what the image means. Chris Marker’s films, however, have a gap between the image and voice-over narration. This gap keeps astray the connection of the image and the narration, giving a sense of ambiguity as if the audience experiences space and time in another dimension. This study explores the relationship of image and narration which creates that gap. Especially, it sheds light on the role of voice-over narration, which will be followed by the discussion on the relation of image and narration. Voice-over commentary, located off-screen, is not only a voice that narrates the image, but also a spoken language. This study mainly characterizes the features of the Marker’s commentary into the following: A) The philosophical nature of Marker’s narration; As the language of philosophy is a meta-language, he poses the problem of objectivity of the narration. B) The literary nature of the voice-over narration; Resembling the literary language through which a writer deals with his or her own experience and subjective senses, Marker expresses his subjectivity. Lastly, Marker’s narration involves the matter of memory. As the external world(image) is represented into the internal, subjective consciousness(language), image and narration embody the memories.
Next, this study aims to present the particular relationship of image and commentary using the concept of counterpoint. Counterpoint is a composing technique which combines 2 or more independent melodies with equal significance of each part. In film, counterpoint has been discussed in regards to the relations of image and sound in cases such as Eisenstein’s “vertical montage.” Counterpoint can generate new possibilities of film through its inconsistency of sound and image and poetic, ideological juxtapositions. In Chris Marker’s films, images and narration are juxtaposed in a way that creates new object. Instead of dealing with already well-known objects, Marker intuitively understands the object to make new meaning of it. Counterpoint is used to construct such world.
In documentary films, the relations of images and voice-over narration are associated with the matter of truth. The discussion on truth in documentaries will be covered through the John Grierson’s British documentary film movement and cinéma vérité movement. This study will explore the possibilities of the voice-over narration through discussions on the essay film. The contrapuntal composition of images and languages will be argued focusing on 5 of Marker’s works including <Coréennes>(1959), <La Jetée> (1962), <Letter from Siberia>(1958), <Sans Soleil>(1982), and <Level 5>(1996). First, the photo essay <Coréennes> and <La Jetée>, the only fiction film of Marker mostly composed of still photography, will be examined. Then, Marker’s 3 documentaries will be investigated with specific focuses on each film. While <Letter from Siberia> will be covered in terms of its form of letter and its objectivity, discussions on freeze frames and memories will be the focus of <Sans Soleil>. Lastly, with the film <Level 5>, this paper will center on the theme of death and the ambiguity of memories.