An excessive nutrients in the body are exchanged in the form of radicals in the process of metabolism which are negative factor posing cellular injury. Thus it is very important to discover materials and resources related with inhibiting free radicals...
An excessive nutrients in the body are exchanged in the form of radicals in the process of metabolism which are negative factor posing cellular injury. Thus it is very important to discover materials and resources related with inhibiting free radicals. As increasing interest in this, a consumption of the berries containing antioxidants has been increasing as of late.
Therefore, the first objective of this study was to compare an effect of extraction solvent for blueberry, aronia, Korean raspberry, mulberry, blackberry and red raspberry which are cultivated in Korea, to evaluate an antioxidant activity of polyphenol and anthocyanin. The second objective of this study was to decrease the tannin content of aronia that has a high antioxidant activity using mushroom mycelia. The main findings are as follows.
1. To evaluate an effect of extraction solvent for the berries, blueberry and aronia extracts were extracted using methanol, ethanol and acetone. The study was progressing to compare antioxidants content, such as total phenol, total flavonoid and anthocyanin, and their activity. The total phenol and total flavonoid content was the highest in the methanol solvent. There was no difference in two component’s content in the range of 50-100% methanol concentration. The radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS was the highest in the methanol and ethanol solvents. In the ethanol solvent, these activity was no difference based on the ethanol concentration. With regard to the methanol solvent, these activity was shown the best record in 70 and 100% methanol concentration. An anthocyanin content of both all blueberry and aronia was the highest in the 70% methanol solvent.
2. The total phenol content showed a significant difference according to the berries variety. The total phenol content was in the order of aronia (135.5 ㎎/g), mulberry (69.2 ㎎/g), Korean raspberry (66.1 ㎎/g), and red raspberry (17.0 ㎎/g), respectively. The total flavonoid content was the highest in aronia (8.5 ㎎/g), followed by Korean raspberry (6.0 ㎎/g), mulberry (4.8 ㎎/g), blueberry (4.0 ㎎/g), and red raspberry (1.0 ㎎/g). The anthocyanin content in the Korean raspberry was 24.4 ㎎/g, which is the highest among the berries. The aronia (15.4 ㎎/g) and mulberry (12.2 ㎎/g) contents were the next best thing to the Korean raspberry. A similar content in both all blueberry and blackberry was evaluated, which is higher than that of red raspberry. Among 6 kind of berries, an ascorbic acid content of red raspberry was higher than that of the others. The ascorbic acid content of blueberry was 7.9 ㎎/g. Korean raspberry and blackberry’s content was similar. The ascorbic acid content of blueberry was the lowest as 3.1 ㎎/g. There were various phenolic acids, flavonoids and these glycosides in the berries. This study and previous other researches were shown a similar and different result owing to the difference of ripening degree, aging, variety, and cultivation method of the berries.
3. The antioxidant activity of the berries were investigated using 3 kinds of method such as DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of aronia was 43.3 TE uM/g which is the highest among 6 kind of berries. Also, ABTS radical scavenging activity and FRAP in aronia was 712.6 TE uM/g and 34.4 TE uM/g, respectively.
4. As to aronia, its antioxidant activity was the highest among 6 kind of berries. But there is a limit consumption of aronia due to the astringent taste. Thus, We focused on decreasing an its taste using Lentinus edodes muycelia and phellinus linteus mycelia. While aronia was cultured with both mushroom mycelia, there was no difference in pH value as time was increasing. During the cultivation, the total acid value was decreased up to 12 hours. Since then it was increased. The sugar content in the Control was increased from 6.6 to 7.0 °Bx, in the aronia treated with Lentinus edodes mycelia decreased from 6.9 to 6.2 °Bx which was increased again after 48 hours into 6.9 °Bx. This pattern can be attributed to use a polysaccharide of aronia. The Hunter’s "L" value in the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia was exchanged 27.9 into 28.2 after 48 hours, "a" value was decreased 18.5 into 16.1, "b" value was increased 7.4 into 10.6. A conversion of some part of pigment was contributed to increase a value.
5. Total polyphenol content in the aronia treated with Lentinus edodes mycelia was decreased as time was increasing. Its content in the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia was decreased compared to the Control up to 24 hours, but decreased after 48 hours. Total flavonoid content in the control was slightly changed 38.4 ㎎/g DW at no treatment into 34.7 ㎎/g DW at 48 hours. In the aronia treated with Lentinus edodes mycelia, it was changed 37.1 ㎎/g DW at no treatment into 31.8 ㎎/g DW at 48 hours. In the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia, it was largely changed 42.6 ㎎/g DW at no treatment into 32.6 ㎎/g DW at 48 hours. Taken together, a kind of mushroom mycelia and a difference of components added on the medium could be changed polyphenol and flavonoid content.
6. A tannin content of the aronia treated with Lentinus edodes mycelia was changed 64.2 ㎎/g DW into 57.9 ㎎/g DW. A tannin content of the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia was changed 77.3 ㎎/g DW into 47.9 ㎎/g DW.
7. As to DPPH radical scavenging activity, there was no difference in the aronia treated with Lentinus edodes mycelia. In ABTS radical scavenging activity was decreased in the all treatments as time was increasing. A FRAP activity in the aronia treated with Lentinus edodes mycelia was sharply decreased as time was increasing. At 48 hours, its activity was 632 ㎎/g. A FRAP activity in the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia was 722 ㎎/g after 48 hours. It was slightly increased compared to the Control.
8. In the sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was the highest in the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia. The score of taste, flavor, color, and overall acceptability was evaluated by the 7 point scoring method, from 0 (very bad) to 7 (very good). The highest decrease of astringent taste appeared as a 5.8 scale in the aronia treated with phellinus linteus mycelia for 48 hours.