화학물질 리스크평가,관리의 환경법적 문제 = Environmental Legal Aspects of Chemical Risk Assessment and Management

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

At the end of 2006, the European Union adopted a comprehensive system for the regulation of industrial chemicals throughout Europe, which is known by REACH regulation. The implementation of REACH regulation signals a fundamental shift in the way in which manufactured and imported chemical substances will be regulated within the EU. In Feb. 25, 2011, Ministry of Environment in Korea published the official draft of the Act on Registration, Evaluation, etc. of Chemical Substances (Korean REACH), comparable to the European REACH regulation. I tried a systematic analysis of the techniques of risk assessment and risk management included in Korea`s current Toxic Chemicals Control Act (TCCA) and Korean REACH, comparing them of European REACH regulation, from the viewpoint of the environmental law. While the registration provisions in Korean REACH require manufacturers and importers to generate data on the substance, they are interpreted to incorporate the polluter-pays principle and the precautionary principle, without shifting the burden of proof. The authorization provisions, which allow the placing on the market and use only if the manufactures or imports of certain chemicals are authorized by the Minister of Environment, are interpreted to incorporate the polluter-pays principle and a strong version of the precautionary principle, although it is hard to decide that they shifted the burden of proof. On the other hand, the restriction provisions allow the manufacturing, placing on the market and use of substances presenting risks that need to be addressed, to be made subject to total or partial bans or other restrictions, based on the risk assessment. They incorporate a weak version of the precautionary principle at most. Korean REACH should be made to be accordant with the precautionary principle, in order to achieve its purpose, preventing risk caused by chemicals to human health or the environment and controling hazardous chemicals so that everyone can live a healthy environment, and contribute to increase international competitiveness of related industry. And Korea REACH should made to be faithful to the polluter-pays principle, through enhancing the role of industry in chemicals data production.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김홍균, "환경법:문제·사례" 홍문사 2007

2 박종원, "화학물질의 리스크 규제와 사전배려원칙" 중앙법학회 12 (12): 311-355, 2010

3 박종원, "해양환경보전과 사전배려원칙: OSPAR협약 및 런던협약의정서를 중심으로" 한국해양수산개발원 23 (23): 133-172, 2008

4 안종주, "침묵의 살인자 석면" 한울 2008

5 이지윤, "유해화학물질관리법상의 환경리스크 대응에 대한 토론문" 한국법제연구원 2009

6 울리히 벡, "위험사회:새로운 근대(성)를 향하여" 새물결 1997

7 윤서성, "원인자부담원칙의 적용에 대한 고찰" 한국환경법학회 10 : 1988

8 조홍식, "리스크 법:리스크관리체계로서의 환경법" 서울대학교 법학연구소 43 (43): 2002

9 박종원, "국제환경법상 사전배려원칙의 지위와 기능" 법학연구소 24 (24): 407-430, 2007

10 高橋滋, "環境リスクと規制, in 環境問題の行方" 有斐閣 1999

11 岩間徹, "国際環境法上の予防原則について" (1264) : 2004

12 堀口健夫, "予防原則の規範的意義" 18 : 2002

13 池田三郞, "リスク管理戰略の形成と予防原則" 12 (12): 2000

14 Robert V. Percival, "Who’s Afraid of the Precautionary Principle?" 23 : 21-, 2006

15 Lene Buhl-Mortensen, "Type-II Statistical Errors in Environmental Science and the Precautionary Principle" 32 : 528-, 1996

16 Sheila Jasanoff, "The fifth Branch:Science Advisors as Policymakers" Harvard University Press 1989

17 John S.Applegate, "The Taming of the Precautionary Principle" 27 : 13-, 2002

18 André Nollkaemper, "The Precautionary Principle in International Environmental Law:What’s New Under the Sun?" 22 (22): 107-, 1991

19 Owen McIntyre, "The Precautionary Principle as a Norm of Customary International Law" 9 (9): 221-, 1997

20 David Freestone, "The Precautionary Principle and International Law: The Challenge of Implementation" Kluwer International 1996

21 Wendy E.Wagner, "The Precautionary Principle and Chemical Regulations in the U.S" 6 : 459-, 2000

22 David Freestone, "The North Sea: Perspectives on Regional Environmental Co-operation" Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff 1990

23 J.S.Gray, "Statistics and the Precautionary Principle" 21 : 174-, 1990

24 R. M. Peterman, "Statistical Power Analysis and the Precautionary Principle" 24 : 231-, 1992

25 Steinar Andresen, "Science and Politics in International Environmental Regimes" Manchester University Press 2000

26 Mary Douglas, "Risk and Culture:An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers" University of California Press, 1982

27 Ulrich Beck, "Risikogesellschaft-Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne-" Suhrkamp 1986

28 Julian Morris, "Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle" Butterworth Heinemann 2000

29 박종원, "REACH 규칙과 사전배려원칙" 한국환경법학회 31 (31): 109-148, 2009

30 C. Raffensperger, "Protecting Public Health and the Environment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle" Island Press 1999

31 Edith Brown Weiss, "Proceedings of the Eighty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law" 85 : 401-, 1991

32 Philippe Sands, "Principles of International Environmental Law" Cambridge University Press 2003

33 Paul Johnson, "Precautionary Principle" 21 (21): 402-, 1990

34 Jonathan B.Wiener, "Precaution in a Multi-Risk World" 2001

35 Ronnie Harding, "Perspectives on the Precautionary Principle" Federation Press 1999

36 Liora Salter, "Mandated Science:Science and Scientists in the Making of Standards" Kluwer Academic Publishers 1988

37 Frank Fischer, "Living with Nature:Environmental Politics as Cultural Discourse" Oxford University Press 1999

38 Law Commission of Canada, "Law & Risk" UBC Press 2005

39 Bruno Latour, "Laboratory life:The Social Construction of Scientific Facts" Sage Publications 1979

40 Tim O’Riordan, "Interpreting the Precautionary Principle" Cameron May 1994

41 P. W. Birnie, "International Law and the Environment" Oxford University Press 2002

42 Max Valverde Soto, "General Principles of International Environmental Law" 3 : 193-, 1996

43 Arie Trouwborst, "Evolution and Status of the Precautionary Principle in International Law" Kluwer Law International 2002

44 Jan. H, "European Environmental Law" Kluwer Law International 2000

45 Ulrich Beck, "Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk" Polity Press 1995

46 Tim Jackson, "Clean Production Strategies" Lewis Publishers 1993

47 Frank Fischer, "Citizens, Experts, and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge" Duke University Press 2000

48 Steffen Foss Hansen,, "Chemicals Regulation and Precaution: Does REACH really Incorporate the Precautionary Principle" 10 : 39-, 2007

49 Russell Unger, "Brandishing the Precautionary Principle Through the Alien Tort Claims Act" 9 : 638-, 2001

50 Cass R.Sunstein, "Beyond the Precautionary Principle" 151 : 1003-, 2003

51 Marielle Matthee, "Are the Precautionary Principle and the International Trade of Genetically Modified Organisms Reconcilable?" 12 : 59-, 2000

52 Timothy Swanson, "An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Environmental Policy: Issues in Institutional Design" JAI 2002

53 Deborah G. Mayo, "Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management" Oxford University Press 1991

54 환경부, "2010 환경백서" 2010