국제 정치에서 공식적 사과의 이론과 실제 = 공식적 사과의 분류와 일본 사과문의 분석

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In political science and international relations, only a small number of scholars have taken an interest in studying apologies. Hence, there has been no academic consensus on what the definition of an official political apology is, in what instances it is more meaningful, when the appropriate timing to give one is, and what is the most pertinent form of an apology.
After the results of the Kono Statement review were announced by Japan, many people believe the sincerity of the Murayama Statement could also be called into question. It seems an appropriate time to review what an apology between two countries means and what conditions need to be met for it to be recognized as a true apology. First, this article will introduce the definition and conditions of an apology by revisiting existing discussions on apologies, a field of study which has been practically ignored by academics in international politics. Using this as a basis, the article will then continue to review official apologies between nations and categorise Japan’s past official statements into ‘political rhetoric’, ‘compensational apology’ and ‘sincere apology’. By doing so, this article aims to provide standards for Japan on what is needed to satisfy victims of its wartime aggression such as Korea and China, and what standards Korea should use to evaluate and accept Japan’s apologies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 천자현, "화해의 국제정치 : 국가 간 화해의 유형과 가해국 정책 결정 요인 연구" 연세대학교 2012

2 우에노 지즈코, "한일 역사인식 논쟁의 메타히스토리" 뿌리와이파리 2008

3 다카하시 테츠야, "일본의 전후책임을 묻는다-기억의 정치, 망각의 윤리" 역사비평사 2000

4 아라이 신이치, "역사 화해는 가능한가-동아시아 역사 문제의 해법을 찾아서" 미래 M&B 2006

5 "신화통신(중국) 2013년 3월 30일"

6 문화공보부, "성숙한 한일 새 시대 출범" 문화공보부 1984

7 김영욱, "병합 100년, 일본은 사과했는가? 일본의 과거사 공적 사과에 대한 수사학적인 분석" 사단법인 언론과 사회 19 (19): 75-113, 2011

8 "국가기록원 홈페이지"

9 "공동성명 부속 문서. Apendix II: Joint Press Announcement on Strengthening Cooperation between Japan and China toward the Twentiy-first Century"

10 Benfell, Stephen T., "Why Can’t Japan Apologize? Institutions and War Memory Since 1945" (Spring) : 2002

11 "What Constitutes An “Official” Governmental Statement In Japan-with special reference to apologies for comfort women"

12 Ware, "They Spoke in Defense of Themselves: On the Generic Criticism of Apologia" 59 : 1973

13 Nobles, Melissa, "The politics of official apologies" Cambridge University Press 2008

14 Kramer, M. R., "The Strategic Potential of Sequencing Apologia Stasis: President Clinton's self-defense in the Monica Lewinsky Scandal" 66 : 2002

15 Gibney, Mark, "The Status of State Apologies" 23 : 2001

16 Bilder, Richard B., "The Role of Apology in International Law and Diplomacy" 46 (46): 2005

17 Weyeneth, Robert R., "The Power of Apology and the Process of Historical Reconciliation" 23 (23): 2001

18 Sato, Kazuo, "The Japan-China Summit and Joint Declaration of 1998: A Watershed for Japan-China Relations in the 21st Century?"

19 Arendt, Hannah, "The Human Condition" University of Chicago Press 1998

20 Gibney, Mark, "The Age of Apology: Facing Up to the Past" University of Pennsylvania Press 2009

21 Cohen, "States of denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering" Polity Press 2001

22 "Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono on the result of the study on the issue of “comfort women”"

23 "Statement by Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama ”On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the war's end (15 August 1995).”"

24 Lind, Jennifer, "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics" Cornell University Press 2008

25 Dodds, Graham G., "Public discourse in America: conversation and community in the twenty-first century" University of Pennsylvania Press 2003

26 Lazare, Aaron, "On Apology" Oxford University Press 2004

27 Tavuchis, Nicholas, "Mea Culpa: A Sociology of Apology and Reconciliation" Stanford University Press 1991

28 "Japan-China Joint Declaration On Building a Partnership of Friendship and Cooperation for Peace and Development"

29 Dower, John W., "Japan Addresses its War Responsibility" 3 (3): 1995

30 Smith, N., "I was wrong: The Meanings of Apologies" Cambridge University Press 2008

31 Austin, J. L., "How to do things with words" Oxford University Press 1962

32 Chun, Ja-hyun, "Have Japan and South Korea Reconciled?-A Focus on the three stages of reconciliation" 16 : 2015

33 Cohen, Cohen, "From Conflict Resolution to Reconciliation" Oxford University Press 2004

34 Murphy, Jeffrie G., "Forgiveness and Mercy" Cambridge University Press 1998

35 "Dutch NGO stages protest against Kono Statement"

36 McLaughlin, Martin, "Blair and the Potato Famine" 1997

37 Thompson, Janna, "Apology, justice and respect: a critical defense of political apology" 2005

38 Negash, G., "Apologia Politica: An Examination of the Politics and Ethics of Public Remorse in Interntaional Affairs" 2002

39 김도열, "1990년대 일본에서의 ‘전후보상론’과 한국인의 인식" (2) : 2002