The evolutionary viewpoint about theory of mind assumes that the ability to read the mental states and emotional states is one of the essential abilities to human beings who have to live social life with other people. These studies approached theory o...
The evolutionary viewpoint about theory of mind assumes that the ability to read the mental states and emotional states is one of the essential abilities to human beings who have to live social life with other people. These studies approached theory of mind interdisciplinary based on the evolutionary viewpoint; developmental psychology, psychopathology, and neuroscience.
These studies dealt with three important questions that the evolutionary viewpoints about theory of mind have raised.
(1) Do the mindreading abilities develop during the developmental course
(2) Where do the mindreading abilities substantiated in the brain
(3)Are the mindreading abilities related to social competence Is the person who is better at mindreading more sociable
In order to deal with these three questions, the mindreading abilities were divided into three component abilities, such as ① the ability to perceive moving things as intentional agents with mental states such as intentions and desires (intentionality reading), ② the ability to infer other’s mental states from their actions and verbal expressions (mental states reading), ③ the ability to infer other’s emotional states through their facial expressions (emotional states reading). Eight studies were performed.
The results were as follows.
First, the mindreading abilities increased as children got older, but the developmental patterns differed among the three component abilities. Even though the 3-year-olds interpreted the moving things as intentional objects, the intentionality reading increased dramatically between 7 and 9 years old (Study 1). For the mental state reading, progressive attainment of the various mental states reading had been found: children understood desire at age 3, beliefs and false beliefs at age 4, apparent emotion and traits at age 5, second-order false beliefs and misunderstanding at age 7, irony and white lie at age 9, and faux pas at 11 years of age (Study 2). The emotional states reading abilities increased as children got older by 9 years old and did not increased after 9 years of age. Children read the emotional states more accurately from the whole face than from the eye regions, and basic emotions better than the complex emotions (Study 3).
Second, the following neurological substrates of mindreading abilities had been suggested from the fMRI studies. While the subjects were looking at the moving objects, the left superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, postcentral gyrus and the right inferior occipital gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus were activated (Study 4). In contrast, frontal and temporal regions were activated while the subjects were doing false belief and faux pas tasks which required the mental states reading (Study 5). Amygdala and frontal regions had been activated for emotional states reading (Study 6).
Third, the mindreading abilities were positively correlated with the social competence, such as social skill and social preference (Study 7). Among three component mindreading abilities, the intentionality reading ability did not related to the social competence in all the five age groups from 5-year-olds to 13-year-olds. In contrast, the mental states reading and emotional states reading abilities were positively correlated with the social competence.
The relationship between mindreading abilities and social competence was demonstrated in the groups that had social disabilities or problems (Study 8). The children who had autistic spectrum disorder and the prisoners in jail performed the mental states reading and emotional states reading worse that the typical children and the adults. In addition, the popular children performed better than the rejected children.