매킨타이어 덕론의 도덕교육적 함의 = The Implication of the Virtue Theory of MacIntyre to Moral Education

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본고에서, 필자는 매킨타이어 덕론의 토대가 되는 배경적 논리를 살펴보고, 그의 덕론이 오늘날 도덕교육에 대해 어떤 관점을 취하고 있는지를 검토하였다. 그리고, 공동체주의에 기반을 두고 있는 덕목론적 접근이 도덕교육에 있어서, 어떤 효율성과 한계를 갖고 있는지를 살펴보았다.
그의 덕론은 자유주의적 개인주의 도덕관에 대한 비판과, 현대 산업사회의 도덕적 위기를 극복하려는 노력에서 출발한다. 공동체를 복원하기 위해, 사회적 관행과 전통을 중요하게 취급해야 한다는 것이다. 즉, 현재의 도덕적 혼란을 극복하기 위해서는 전통사회, 특히 아리스토텔레스의 도덕적 전통인 공동체적 삶의 양식으로 회귀하자는 것이다.
매킨타이어 덕론의 도덕교육에 대한 관점은, 자율적 도덕성보다 관습적 도덕성을, 지적 도덕성보다 행적 도덕성을 중시하는 입장을 보이고 있다. 즉, 지성적인 덕보다는 품성적인 덕을 강조하는 입장이다. 또한, 도덕교육의 목적에 대한 관점에 있어서는, '좋은 사람(good man)' 보다는 '좋은 시민(good citizen)으로서의 능력 배양을 중시하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In this article, I chose the virtue theory of Aristole, the theory of MacIntyre who succeeded to the theory of Aristole in a modern way as the main theoretical basis of virtue ethics. Aristole classified virtue into two categories, that is, practical one and intellectual one respectively, and he regulated intellectual virtue as something gained through teaching, and practical virtue gained by habitualization through unceasing practice. According to Aristotle, in order for a person to be a 'good man' they must first be a 'good citizen'.
Virtues are newly emphasized as contents of moral education. It is generally accepted MacIntyre that virtues can prevent abstraction and emptiness of liberalism's moral theory which only insists on formal moral principles, and is a necessary condition to make possible autonomous rational activity.
Liberalism, a major philosophical basis on moral education(or value education), argues that individual identity is separated from social relation with its priority of individual to society. But, when it is considered that many characteristics of individual cannot be accomplished without social context, the relation of individual to society in liberalism is too abstract. Liberalism explains the relation of individual to society with its priority of individual to society. The individual identity is not changed by the fact that the individual is belong to a certain society. According to the explanation of individual and society in Liberalism, moral education is meaningful when it improves the ability of individual's rational thinking.
On the contrary, MacIntyre criticizes that individual in liberalism is abstract and non-historical by its separation from society. In liberalism, individual is the self that is independent, autonomous, and unencumbered. In MacIntyre, individual is the self that is dependent, encumbered by the society. Therefore, MacIntyre maintain that we should recover shared values among individuals. Regarding this, moral education need to have more concern about community.