한국 사회의 교육적 동질혼: 시계열 추세 및 그 함의 = Educational Homogamy in Korea: Recent Trends and Their Implications

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Drawing on marriage registration data, this study examines temporal trends from 1993 to 2007 in educational homogamy in South Korea. Most previous studies of educational homogamy in South Korea did not compare cohorts based upon years of first marriage but only birth-year cohorts, which is a significant limitation in exploring temporal trends. The current study overcomes this limitation by investigating trends in educational homogamy on the basis of first-marriage couples classified according to their marriage years. More importantly, this research covers the period (1993-2007) of rapid changes in Korean society, providing most updated analysis of educational homogamy. Applying log-linear and log-multiplicative models, the study finds a rapid decline during the 1990s followed by a much slow decline during the 2000s in the strength of association between spouses' educational attainment, which is in part likely attributable to modernization, the increased opportunity of higher education for women due to educational expansion, and the decrease in economic return to professional jobs. The continued decline in educational homogamy is in sharpe contrast to the expectation that increased economic inequality and other social changes during the period should have strengthened the degree of educational homogamy, requiring further systematic research. However, it is important to note that the decline in educational homogamy does not necessarily mean the growing openness of Korean society because declining educational homogamy might have occurred simultaneously with the growing impact of family background on marriage.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구에서는 1993년부터 2009년까지 접수된 혼인 신고서를 이용하여, 1990년대 초반 이래 한국사회에서 교육적 동질혼 경향이 어떻게 변화해 왔는지 살펴보았다. 그간 한국에서 수행되었던 대부분의 관련 연구들은 초혼에 기반을 둔 결혼 코호트를 구성하지 못함으로써 시계열 추세를 분석하는 데 일정한 한계를 가졌다. 그런데 본 연구는 초혼/재혼을 구별하고 출생 연도가 아닌 결혼 연도를 이용해 결혼 코호트를 구성함으로써 선행연구들의 제한점을 극복하였다. 아울러 본 연구는 활용 가능한 최신 자료를 사용함으로써, 역동적인 한국 사회에서 교육적 동질혼이 최근에 어떤 양상으로 진행되고 있는지를 시의성 있게 보여주고 있다. 분석 결과, 1993년부터 2007년 사이에 부부 간 학력의 연관성이 지속적으로 완화되어 왔음이 밝혀졌다. 교육적 동질혼의 약화 추세는 1990년대에 보다 뚜렷하고, 2000년대에 들어서면서 다소 완화된다. 이처럼 예상과 달리 근자에 교육적 동질혼 경향이 약화되고 있는 현상의 배경은 후속 연구를 통해 좀 더 엄밀하게 구명될 필요가 있지만, 다양한 근대화의 과정, 교육팽창에 따른 여성 교육기회의 신장, 학력 가치의 하락 등이 일정 정도 기여를 했으리라 짐작된다. 한국 사회에서 나타나고 있는 교육적 동질혼의 약화는 귀속적 지위를 중심으로 한 동질혼의 강화를 수반하고 있을 개연성이 크기 때문에 사회 전반의 개방성 증대로 해석하기에는 무리가 있다.

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