크레올화(Creolization), 그 다층적 맥락 읽기

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The current paper aims to examine how much creolization as a concept is useful for understanding and analyzing cultural diversity and complexity, which have become more remarkable in the twenty-first century. To accomplish this purpose, the following three aspects were explored: (1) historicity of the term creole, (2) creolization in linguistic and sociocultural contexts, and (3) merits and limitations of the concept creolization.
The term creole has its root in Latin. It has been long regarded as a negative meaning. This is because it has a historical relationship with plantation slavery, which was brought about the uprooting and displacement of many Africans. In addition, classic environmental determinism was also acted as an important dicourse in strengthening the negative image of creole. However, this term has also been interpreted as a positive meaning according to periodic and regional situations. In particular, the creoles in Americas had positively utilized it so as to create national identity or emphasize their eliteness in the process of independence movement.
Just like the term creole, the concept creolization also has several centuries of historicity. Some of historians, sociologists, and anthropologists have endeavored to comprehend the social conditions of plantation slavery in which creole languages were embodied and out of which creole societies grew. Besides, many scholars have made efforts to understand linguistic and sociocultural phenomena in the Caribbean and other regions, such as Americas and Africa, in terms of creolization. They have grasped the linguistic and sociocultural spheres of creolization in the context of process, dynamics, amalgamation, and restructuring.
It seems that (cultural) creolization is one of the most useful frameworks for understanding and analyzing the sociocultural phenomenon in the twenty-first century. Just like other concepts or theories, the concept of creolization has its own limitations as well as advantages. That is, this concept has strength in terms of the fact that it comprehends cultural phenomenon in the context of process, restructuring and creativity, whereas it has weakness in terms of the fact that it is indifferent to the origin, identity and purity of culture, and lacks the way to explain the nature of the new products derived from contact among cultures.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 들어가는 말
• 2. ‘크레올’의 역사성과 다의성(多義性)
• 3. 언어 및 사회문화적 맥락 속의 크레올화
• 4. ‘크레올화’라는 개념의 강점과 한계
• 5. 나오는 말
• 〈References〉
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Chaplin, Joyce E., "in British America: From Denial to Acceptance, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 46-65, 2007

2 Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, "Tu Dimunn Pu Vini Kreol: The Mauritian Creole and the Concept of Creolization" 1999

3 Clifford, James, "Travelling Cultures, in Cultural Studies" Routledge 96-116, 1992

4 DeCamp, David, "Towards a Generative Analysis of a Post-Creole Speech Continuum, in Pidginization and Creolization of Languages" Cambridge University Press 349-370, 1971

5 Ang, Ien, "Together-In-Difference: Beyond Diaspora, Into Hybridity" 27 (27): 141-154, 2003

6 Palmié, Stephan, "The “C-Word” Again: From Colonial to Postcolonial Semantics, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast press 66-83, 2007

7 Hannerz, Ulf, "The World in Creolisation" 57 (57): 546-559, 1987

8 Hannerz, Ulf, "The View from Afar" 20 (20): 181-193, 1994

9 Drummond, Lee, "The Transatlantic Nanny: Notes on a Comparative Semiotics of the Family in English-Speaking Societies" 5 (5): 30-43, 1978

10 Mintz, Sidney, "The Socio-Historical Background to Pidginization and Creolization, in Pidginization and Creolization of Languages" Cambridge University Press 481-496, 1971

11 Pels, Peter, "The Pidginization of Luguru Politics: Administrative Ethnography and the Paradoxes of Indirect Rule" 23 (23): 738-761, 1996

12 Dash, J. Michael, "The Other America: Caribbean Literature in a New World Context" University of Virginia Press 1998

13 Abrahams, Roger D., "The Man-of-Words in the West Indies: Performance and the Emergence of Creole Culture" Johns Hopkins University Press 1983

14 Bhabha, Homi, "The Location of Culture" Routledge 1994

15 Mintz, Sidney, "The Localisation of Anthropological Practice" 18 (18): 117-133, 1998

16 Werbner, Pnina, "The Limits of Cultural Hybridity: On Ritual Monsters, Poetic License and Contested Postcolonial Purifications" 7 (7): 133-152, 2001

17 Drummond, Lee, "The Cultural Continuum: A Theory of Intersystems" 15 : 352-374, 1980

18 Gallagher, Mary, "The Créolité Movement: Paradoxes of a French Caribbean Orthodoxy, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 2007

19 Cohen, Robin, "The Creolization Reader: Studies in Mixed Identities and Cultures" Routledge 2009

20 Miles, William F. S., "The Creole Malaise in Mauritius" 98 (98): 211-228, 1999

21 Yao,Steven G., "Taxonomizing Hybridity" 17 (17): 357-378, 2003

22 Stewart, Charles, "Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis" Routledge 1994

23 Stewart, Charles, "Syncretism and Its Synonyms: Reflections on Cultural Mixture" 29 (29): 40-62, 1999

24 Abrahams, Roger D., "Singing the Master: The Emergence of African-American Culture in the Plantation South" Penguin Books 1992

25 Kirsch, Thomas G., "Restaging the Will to Believe: Religious Pluralism, Anti-Syncretism, and the Problem of Belief" 106 (106): 699-709, 2004

26 Hannaford, Ivan, "Race: The History of an Idea in the West" Johns Hopkins University Press 1996

27 Chaplin, Joyce E., "Race, in The British Atlantic World, 1500-1800" Palgrave Macmillan 154-172, 2002

28 Dunker, Christian Ingo Lenz, "Psychology and Psychoanalysis in Brazil: From Cultural Syncretism to the Collapse of Liberal Individualism" 18 (18): 223-236, 2008

29 Mühlhäusler, Peter, "Pidgins, Creoles and Linguistic Ecologies, in From Contact to Creole and Beyond" University of Westminster Press 235-250, 1995

30 Hymes, Dell, "Pidginization and Creolization of Languages" Cambridge University Press 1971

31 Abrahams, Roger D., "Patterns of Performance in the British West Indies, IN Afro-American Anthropology, Contemporary Perspectives" Free Press 163-179, 1970

32 Jouanna, Jacques, "Notice, in Airs, Eaux, Lieux" Les Belles Lettres (Bude) 7-184, 1996

33 Middleton, John, "New Encyclopedia of Africa (Vol. 1)" Charles Scribner’s Sons 2008

34 Chaplin, Joyce E., "Natural Philosophy and an Early Racial Idiom in North America: Comparing English and Indian Bodies" 54 : 229-252, 1997

35 Lévi-Strauss, Claude, "Myth and Meaning" University of Toronto Press 1978

36 Szwed, John. F., "Musical Adaptations among Afro-Americans.”" 82 : 112-121, 1969

37 Spitzer, Nicholas R., "Monde Creole: The Cultural World of French Louisiana Creoles and the Creolization of World Cultures" 116 (116): 57-72, 2003

38 Hall, Stuart, "Modernity and Its Futures" Polity Press 1992

39 Price, Richard, "Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas" Anchor Press 1973

40 Mühlhäusler, Peter, "Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region" Routledge 1996

41 Waldman, Linda, "Klaar Gesnap as Kleurling: The Attempted Making and Remaking of the Griqua People" 65 (65): 175-200, 2006

42 Khan, Aisha, "Journey to the Center of the Earth: The Caribbean as Master Symbol" 16 (16): 271-302, 2001

43 Palmié, Stephan, "Is There a Model in the Muddle?: “Creolization” in African Americanist History and Anthropology, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Left Coast Press 178-200, 2007

44 Vergés, Françoise, "Indian-Oceanic Creolizations: Processes and Practices of Creolization on Réunion Island, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 133-152, 2007

45 Prabhu, Anjali, "Hybridity: Limits, Transformations, Prospects" State University of New York Press 2007

46 Scott, Michael W., "Hybridity, Vacuity, and Blockage: Visions of Chaos from Anthropological Theory, Island Melanesia, and Central Africa" 47 (47): 190-216, 2005

47 Bérubé, Michael, "Hybridity in the Center: An Interview with Houston A. Baker, Jr." 26 (26): 547-564, 1992

48 Brah, Avtar, "Hybridity and Its Discontents: Politics, Science, Culture" Routledge 2000

49 Moreiras, Alberto, "Hybridity and Double Consciousness" 13 (13): 373-407, 1999

50 Canclini, García Néstor, "Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity" University of Minneapolis Press 1995

51 Willis, Justin, "Hukm: The Creolization of Authority in Condominium Sudan" 46 : 29-50, 2005

52 Cohen, Robin, "Global Sociology (2nd ed.)" Palgrave Macmillan 2007

53 Almeida, Miguel Vale de, "From Miscegenation to Creole Identity: Portuguese Colonialism, Brazil, Cape Verde, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 108-132, 2007

54 Paredes, Américo, "Folklore and Culture on the Texas-Mexican Border" CMAS Books, Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Texas 1993

55 Hannerz, Ulf, "Flows, Boundaries and Hybrids: Keywords in Transnational Anthropology" Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University

56 Mintz, Sidney, "Enduring Substance, Trying Theories: The Caribbean Region as Oikoumene" 2 (2): 289-311, 1996

57 Joyner, Charles, "Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community" University of Illinois Press 1984

58 Mercer, Kobena, "Diaspora Culture and the Dialogic Imagination, in Black Frames: Critical Perspectives on Black Independent Cinema" MIT Press 50-61, 1988

59 Drell, Joanna H., "Cultural Syncretism and Ethnic Identity: The Norman ‘Conquest’ of Southern Italy and Sicily" 25 (25): 187-202, 1999

60 Burke, Peter, "Cultural Hybridity" Polity Press 2009

61 Hannerz, Ulf, "Cultural Complexity" Columbia University Press 1992

62 Stewart, Charles, "Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 1-25, 2007

63 Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, "Creolization in Anthropological Theory and in Mauritius, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 2007

64 Palmié, Stephan, "Creolization and Its Discontents" 35 : 433-456, 2006

65 Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, "Creolization and Creativity" 3 (3): 223-237, 2003

66 Khan, Aisha, "Creolization Moments, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 237-253, 2007

67 "Creolization Concepts" Department of Sociology, The University of Warwick

68 Pels, Peter, "Creolisation in Secret: The Birth of Nationalism in Late Colonial Uluguru, Tanzania" 72 (72): 1-28, 2002

69 Medea, Laurent, "Creolisation and Globaliasation in a Neo-Colonial Context: The Case of Réunion" 8 (8): 125-141, 2002

70 Earle, Rebecca, "Creole Patriotism and the Myth of the Loyal Indian" 172 (172): 125-145, 2001

71 Harris, Roxy, "Creole Metaphors in Cultural Analysis: On the Limits and Possibilities of (Socio-)Linguistics" 22 : 31-51, 2002

72 Baker, Philip, "Creole Linguistics from Its Beginnings, through Schuchardt to the Present Day, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 84-107, 2007

73 Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, "Creole Colonial Spanish America, in Creolization: History, Ethnography, Theory" Walnut Creek, CA.: Left Coast Press 26-45, 2007

74 Stoddard, Eve, "Cosmopolitan or Mongrel?: Créolité, Hybridity and “Douglarisation” in Trinidad" 2 (2): 331-353, 1999

75 Patterson, Orlando, "Context and Choice in Ethnic Allegiance: A Theoretical Framework and Caribbean Case Study, in Ethnicity: Theory and Experience" Harvard University Press 305-349, 1981

76 Ekeh, Peter. P., "Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement" 17 (17): 91-112, 1975

77 Boas, Franz, "Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendents of Immigration" 14 (14): 530-562, 1912

78 Glissant, Éduard, "Caribbean Discourse: Selected Essays" University of Virginia Press 1989

79 Baron, Robert, "Amalgams and Mosaics, Syncretisms and Reinterpretations: Reading Herskovits and Contemporary Creolists for Metaphors of Creolization" 116 : 88-115, 2003

80 Martin, Denis-Constant, "A Creolising South-Africa? Mixing, Hybridity, and Creolisation: (Re)imagining the South African Experience" 58 (58): 165-176, 2006