This study investigated some issues in regard to the differences among the young old, the old old, and the oldest old. The first issue was about the differences in the level of life satisfaction, depression, perceived physical health as well as stress...
This study investigated some issues in regard to the differences among the young old, the old old, and the oldest old. The first issue was about the differences in the level of life satisfaction, depression, perceived physical health as well as stressors, psychosocial resources, and sociodemographic characteristics. The second issue was about the differences in the effects of psychosocial resources on life satisfaction and health among three groups. Specifically, it considers the effects of demographic characteristics, physical conditions, stressful life events and worry on life satisfaction and health of older people. It also examines the possible moderating effects of psychosocial resources in buffering the negative effects of stressful life events and worry on their well-being. Welfare service use is regarded as social support from formal sources and is tested if formal support as well as informal support can buffer the effects of stressful life events and worry on the life satisfaction and health among three groups of older people.
The survey data used in this study were collected in Seoul and its adjacent area, Korea during the period from October to December in 2010. The purposive sample consists of 598 older persons – 211 young old, 233 old old, 154 oldest old - cognitively intact, and non-institutionalized. In selecting the sample, considerations were given to gender and referral sources. First, the sample was selected to include enough male respondents. Second, both the elderly who had used various kinds of social services and those who had not used formal services have been included. Face to face interviews were conducted by student interviewers who had been given instructions and supervised by the investigator. Chi-square test, ANOVA, the ordinary least square regression have been used to test the hypotheses.
According to the results, worry is found to be strongly related to depression as well as life satisfaction among all three age groups. In other words, greater worry is related with lower life satisfaction and higher level of depression of older people. Disability and chronic disease condition lowers perceived physical health. In regard to the moderating effects of psychosocial resources, self-esteem buffers the negative impact of worry on depression of the young old and the old old. That is, greater worry does not necessarily translate into higher depression for those in these age groups who have high self-esteem. Mastery also buffers the impact of worry on depression of the old old. Instrumental support from family and friends buffers a negative impact of worry on depression of the oldest old. Although it has not been found in the literature that formal support contributes to well-being(George & Lynch, 2003), formal service use has a buffering effect on the relationship between worry and depression of the old old in this study. It also buffers the impact of the stressful life events on life satisfaction of the young old. Findings suggest that it is necessary to pay attention to the worry of all three groups of older people. Interventions to increase self-esteem may be effective to reduce depression of both the young old and the old old who have high level of worry. It is necessary to activate instrumental support from family and friends to prevent that the greater worry is related to depression of the oldest old. Although formal service use is helpful to reduce the negative impact of stressors among the young old and the old old, it is not the case for the oldest old. In this regard, Korea may need to implement its own formal services for the oldest old by incorporating social support from family and friends.