The new (so-called) Magdeburg experiments of Otto von Guericke

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xvii
• Short Biography of O. von Guericke = xxiii
• BOOK I THE SYSTEM OF THE WORLD, ACCORDING TO THE MORE COMMON PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES
• Chapter 1. What the World Is, or What Is Usually Understood by the Term, World = 1
• Chapter 2. The Motion of Stars, the Wanderers or Planets, as well as the Stationary or Fixed Stars = 5
• Chapter 3. The Two Systems of the Ancients: That Based upon the Presumed Inactivity of the Earth and That Based upon Its Movement = 7
• Chapter 4. A Brief Resume of the System of the World Based upon Ptolemy's Theory of the Immovability of the Earth = 9
• Chapter 5. A Revised Pythagorean System of the World Wherein, According to Copernicus, the Sun Is Held To Be in Its Center = 12
• Chapter 6. The Daily and Annual Movement of the Earth According to Copernicus = 14
• Chapter 7. Objections of the Astronomers and Natural Philosophers to the Copernican System = 15
• Chapter 8. Objections to the Copernican Theory from the Sacred Scriptures and their Refutations = 17
• Chapter 9. The World System According to Tycho Brahe, the Noble Dane. He Assigns the Earth to the Center of the World and the Sun to the Center of the Planets Which Revolve around It (with the Exception of the Moon) = 26
• Chapter 10. Another System Wherein the Earth Is Situated in the Center of the World and Moves about Its own Axis in the Space of Twenty-four Hours = 29
• Chapter 11. The Corrected and Improved Copernican Theory of the World = 31
• Chapter 12. The Sun = 31
• Chapter 13. The Sun Spots = 32
• Chapter 14. Mercury = 34
• Chapter 15. Venus = 35
• Chapter 16. The Earth and the Moon = 36
• Chapter 17. Mars = 36
• Chapter 18. Jupiter = 39
• Chapter 19. Saturn and Planets in General = 40
• Chapter 20. A General Discussion of the Distances of the Stars = 41
• Chapter 21. The Distance of the Moon from the Center of the Earth = 45
• Chapter 22. The Size of the Moon = 47
• Chapter 23. The Distance of the Sun from the Earth = 48
• Chapter 24. The Size of the Sun = 52
• Chapter 25. The Distances of the Planets from the Earth and their Magnitudes = 55
• Chapter 26. The Height or Distance of the Fixed Stars from our Earth, According to the Followers of Ptolemy and Aristotle = 57
• Chapter 27. The Height or Distance of the Fixed Stars from the Earth According to the Followers of Tycho = 59
• Chapter 28. The Distance of the Stars According to the Followers of Pythagoras or Copernicus Who Locate the Sun in the Center of the World = 61
• Chapter 29. The Number of Fixed Stars and the Revelations of Telescopes in this Century as to their Great Extent = 64
• Chapter 30. The Magnitude of the Fixed Stars = 66
• Chapter 31. Heaven or the Heavens as well as the Atmosphere and Celestial Matter = 68
• Chapter 32. The Firmament and the Waters above It, According to the Sacred Scriptures = 72
• Chapter 33. The Empyrean Heaven = 74
• Chapter 34. Are there any other Worlds Beyond This of Ours, and if there Are, Can They be Counted, or Are They Uncountable? = 77
• Chapter 35. Imaginary Space Outside the World = 78
• BOOK II EMPTY SPACE
• Chapter 1. Why the Author Was Led to Investigate the Vacuum = 83
• Chapter 2. Space and Time = 84
• Chapter 3. Empty Space = 86
• Chapter 4. Space = 89
• Chapter 5. The Space Existing between the Earth Bodies Is Commonly Called Sky = 91
• Chapter 6. Is Space, The Universal Container of All Things, Finite or Infinite? = 93
• Chapter 7. That Which Is and That Which Is Said not to Be = 97
• Chapter 8. Is Space, the Universal Container of All Things, Created, or Uncreated? = 99
• Chapter 9. Infinity, Immensity, and Eternity = 102
• Chapter 10. Numbers = 104
• Chapter 11. The Heaven Which Is Called the Abode of the Blessed = 107
• Chapter 12. The Greatest and the Smallest = 109
• BOOK III INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS
• Chapter 1. Concerning the Origin, Nature, and Characteristics of Air = 111
• Chapter 2. The First Vacuum Experiment Performed through the Extraction of Water = 114
• Chapter 3. The Second Vacuum Experiment Performed through the Extraction of Air = 115
• Chapter 4. The Construction of a Special Type of Apparatus for Producing a Vacuum = 117
• Chapter 5. The Third Experiment Demonstrating a Vacuum = 120
• Chapter 6. The Fourth Experiment: the Production of a Vacuum through the Extraction of Water from a Glass Vessel = 121
• Chapter 7. A Fifth and More Accurate Method of Producing a Vacuum = 123
• Chapter 8. The Sixth Experiment to Obtain the Best Possible Vacuum = 125
• Chapter 9. Does a Vacuum Exist in Nature, or Not? = 130
• Chapter 10. Experiments Concerned with Exhalation and Fermentation = 134
• Chapter 11. The Experiment in Which Clouds and Wind and the Colors of the Rainbow Can Be Produced in Glasses = 135
• Chapter 12. Fire in a Vacuum = 138
• Chapter 13. An Experiment in Which Air Is Consumed by Fire = 139
• Chapter 14. Light in a Vacuum = 140
• Chapter 15. Sound in a Vacuum = 141
• Chapter 16. Experiments Performed with Animals in a Vacuum = 143
• Chapter 17. The Construction of a Kind of Hydraulic-pneumatic Apparatus Which Can Be Used not only for Carrying out Numerous Experiments but also Used as a Source of Mental Recreation and Study = 144
• Chapter 18. The Use and Operation of the Aforementioned Apparatus = 145
• Chapter 19. A New Discovery through the Use of this Apparatus Which Indicates the Weight of the Atmosphere = 149
• Chapter 20. Other Experiments of this Kind Which Demonstrate the Weight of the Atmosphere as well as the Limit to Which Aversion of a Vacuum Extends = 151
• Chapter 21. Concerning the Weight of Air = 155
• Chapter 22. How to Determine the Pressure that a Cylinder of Air of any Given Circumference Exerts = 157
• Chapter 23. The Experiment Demonstrating that as a Result of Air Pressure, Two Hemispheres Can Be Joined Together in Such a Way that They Cannot Be Separated by Sixteen Horses = 160
• Chapter 24. A Further Experiment Wherein the Hemispheres Which Could not Be Drawn Apart by Twenty-four Horses Are Separated by the Admission of Air = 163
• Chapter 25. Another Experiment Wherein It Is Shown that the Aforementioned Hemispheres Can Be Separated by a Weight = 165
• Chapter 26. Another Experiment Demonstrating that All Vessels Can Be Compressed and Broken by Air Pressure = 167
• Chapter 27. A Glass Vessel Which Can Forcibly Pull More than Twenty, indeed Fifty or More Strong Men = 168
• Chapter 28. An Experiment to Raise a Great Weight = 171
• Chapter 29. An Experiment Employing a New and Heretofore Untested Airgun = 172
• Chapter 30. Experiments Which Show how Air Pressure Varies at Different Altitudes = 174
• Chapter 31. Experiments Showing how Air Pressure Fluctuates According to the Weather = 176
• Chapter 32. The Cause of Suction = 177
• Chapter 33. Experiments Concerned with the Expansion and Condensation or Compression of Air = 178
• Chapter 34. An Experiment Demonstrating Proof of a Vacuum through the Descent of Mercury in a Glass Tube Sealed at the Top = 181
• Chapter 35. Common Objections to the Existence of a Vacuum and their Refutation = 183
• Chapter 36. The Opinions of the Reverend Kircher and Zucchi at Rome, as well as Father Cornaeus, Professor at the University of W$$\ddot u$$rtzburg, Concerning the Magdeburg Experiments = 187
• Chapter 37. A New Thermometer, so-called Magdeburg = 189
• BOOK IV MUNDANE VIRTUES AND OTHER ALLIED SUBJECTS
• Chapter 1. A General Discussion of Mundane Virtues = 193
• Chapter 2. The Incorporeal Impulsive Virtue of the Earth = 195
• Chapter 3. The Nature and Characteristics of the Impulsive Virtue = 198
• Chapter 4. Experiment with a Globe Freely Suspended in Water = 202
• Chapter 5. The Conserving Virtue of the Earth = 204
• Chapter 6. The Expulsive Virtue of the Earth = 206
• Chapter 7. The Directing Virtue of the Earth = 208
• Chapter 8. The Difference between the Conserving and Directing Virtue of the Earth = 211
• Chapter 9. The Turning Virtue = 212
• Chapter 10. The Sound-producing and Echo-producing Virtue = 213
• Chapter 11. The Heat-producing Virtue = 218
• Chapter 12. The Light-producing and Coloring Virtue = 219
• Chapter 13. The Nature and Characteristics of Vision = 222
• Chapter 14. The Difference in Appearance between Stars at Greater and Lesser Distances = 224
• Chapter 15. The Experiment Wherein these Aforementioned Important Virtues Can Be Excited through Rubbing on a Sulphur Globe = 227
• Chapter 16. Other Corporeal and Incorporeal Virtues = 232
• BOOK V THE SPHERE OF LAND AND SEA AND ITS COMPANION, THE MOON
• Chapter 1. The Sphere of Land and Sea, or the Earth, and Its Size = 235
• Chapter 2. The Size of our Sphere of Land and Sea Relative to the Planetary System = 237
• Chapter 3. The Earth Is Composed of an Infinite Variety of Things both Externally and Internally = 238
• Chapter 4. The Earth Spirit = 242
• Chapter 5. The Sea and Its Tides = 244
• Chapter 6. The Air Surrounding the Earth and the Elementary Fire, that Has Been Postulated = 247
• Chapter 7. The Height of the Air around the Earth = 249
• Chapter 8. An Observation Made in the Carpathian Mountains in Hungary by David Fr$$\ddot o$$lich Which Seems to Make a Significant Contribution to the Existing Opinion about the Height of Perceptible Air and Stratification = 250
• Chapter 9. The Stratification of the Atmosphere = 252
• Chapter 10. The Refraction of Air and the Consequent Difference in the Appearance of Stars, both as to their Location and Size = 254
• Chapter 11. The Eccentricity of the Sun and Moon = 257
• Chapter 12. The Motion or Circulation of the Air = 260
• Chapter 13. The Sphere of Earth and Water Does not Lie at Rest in the Air = 261
• Chapter 14. The Sphere of Earth and Water Is not in the Center of the World = 263
• Chapter 15. The Rotation of the Earth = 266
• Chapter 16. "Latio" or the Forward Motion of the Earth = 268
• Chapter 17. The Moon = 272
• Chapter 18. The Appearance of the Moon and Its Spots = 274
• Chapter 19. The Forward Motion of the Moon = 276
• Chapter 20. The Moon's Motion = 277
• Chapter 21. The Conjunction and Comparison of the Moon with our Sphere of Earth = 278
• Chapter 22. The Distance and Size of the Moon = 280
• Chapter 23. Are There or Are There not Animals on the Moon? = 282
• Chapter 24. Eclipses = 283
• Chapter 25. The Destruction of the Earth = 285
• Chapter 26. Appendix to this Fifth Book. Comets = 287
• BOOK VI OUR PLANETARY SYSTEM
• Charter 1. The World, What It Is, and What Is Included in the Term, in this Treatise = 309
• Chapter 2. In What Sense the World Is One Body and Why It Should Be Termed a Unity = 311
• Chapter 3. The Forward Motion of the World = 312
• Chapter 4. The Peripatetic Concept of the World = 314
• Chapter 5. The Motion of the World According to the Followers of Tycho = 315
• Chapter 6. The Movement of the World as Set Forth by the Author and in Part by Certain other Writers = 316
• Chapter 7. The Earth Bodies = 318
• Chapter 8. The Sun = 319
• Chapter 9. The Size of the Sun and Its Distance from the Earth = 322
• Chapter 10. The Wandering Stars or Planets = 327
• Chapter 11. The Forward Motion of the Planets = 329
• Chapter 12. Planetary Motion = 331
• Chapter 13. The Distance of the Planets = 331
• Chapter 14. The Size of the Planets = 334
• Chapter 15. Are there Animals on the Planets? = 335
• Chapter 16. The True System of the World = 341
• Chapter 17. The Boundaries of our World = 345
• BOOK VII THE FIXED STARS AND THE BOUNDARY WHICH CONFINES THEM
• Chapter 1. The Distance of the Fixed Stars from our Earth or rather from the Sun = 351
• Chapter 2. The Size and Number of the Stars = 357
• Chapter 3. The Fixed Stars and What They really Are = 361
• Chapter 4. Father Kircher's Opinions concerning the Fixed Stars along with our own Remarks = 365
• Chapter 5. The Limit or Outermost Boundary of the Stars = 382
• Index of Subjects = 389