Mast Cells in Allergic Asthma and Beyond

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Mast cells have been regarded for a long time as effector cells in IgE mediated type I reactions and in host defence against parasites. However, they are resident in all environmental exposed tissues and express a wide variety of receptors, suggesting that these cells can also function as sentinels in innate immune responses.
Indeed, studies have demonstrated an important role of mast cells during the induction of life-saving antibacterial responses. Furthermore, recent findings have shown that mast cells promote and modulate the development of adaptive immune responses, making them an important hinge of innate and acquired immunity. In addition, mast cells and several mast cell-produced mediators have been shown to be important during the development of allergic airway diseases. In the present review, we will summarize findings on the role of mast cells during the development of adaptive immune responses and highlight their function, especially during the development of allergic asthma.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Tono T, "c-kit Gene was not transcribed in cultured mast cells of mast cell-deficient Wsh/Wsh mice that have a normal number of erythrocytes and a normal c-kit coding region" 80 : 1448-1453, 1992

2 Duttlinger R, "W-sash affects positive and negative elements controlling c-kit expression: ectopic c-kit expression at sites of kit-ligand expression affects melanogenesis" 118 : 705-717, 1993

3 Irani AA, "Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions" 83 : 4464-4468, 1986

4 Thomas PS, "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases airway responsiveness and sputum neutrophilia in normal human subjects" 152 : 76-80, 1995

5 Taussig LM, "Tucson Children’s Respiratory Study: 1980 to present" 111 : 661-675, 2003

6 Wolters PJ, "Tissue-selective mast cell reconstitution and differential lung gene expression in mast cell-deficient Kit(W-sh)/Kit (W-sh) sash mice" 35 : 82-88, 2005

7 Li YL, "Thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes lung inflammation through activation of dendritic cells" 47 : 117-123, 2010

8 Allakhverdi Z, "Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is released by human epithelial cells in response to microbes, trauma, or inflammation and potently activates mast cells" 20 : 253-258, 2007

9 Miyata M, "Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is a critical mediator of IL-13-driven allergic inflammation" 39 : 3078-3083, 2009

10 Ying S, "Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity" 174 : 8183-8190, 2005

11 Daëron M, "The same tyrosine-based inhibition motif, in the intracytoplasmic domain of Fc gamma RIIB, regulates negatively BCR-, TCR-, and FcR-dependent cell activation" 3 : 635-646, 1995

12 Metzger H, "The receptor with high affinity for IgE" 125 : 37-48, 1992

13 Theiner G, "The mast cell mediator PGD2 suppresses IL-12 release by dendritic cells leading to Th2 polarized immune responses in vivo" 211 : 463-472, 2006

14 Robbiani DF, "The leukotriene C(4) transporter MRP1 regulates CCL19 (MIP-3beta, ELC)-dependent mobilization of dendritic cells to lymph nodes" 103 : 757-768, 2000

15 Taube C, "The leukotriene B4 receptor (BLT1) is required for effector CD8+ T cell-mediated, mast cell-dependent airway hyperresponsiveness" 176 : 3157-3164, 2006

16 Galli SJ, "The kit ligand, stem cell factor" 55 : 1-96, 1994

17 Henderson WR Jr, "The importance of leukotrienes in airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma" 184 : 1483-1494, 1996

18 Dunford PJ, "The histamine H4 receptor mediates allergic airway inflammation by regulating the activation of CD4+ T cells" 176 : 7062-7070, 2006

19 Fahy JV, "The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the earlyand late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects" 155 : 1828-1834, 1997

20 Geissler EN, "The dominant-white spotting (W) locus of the mouse encodes the c-kit proto-oncogene" 55 : 185-192, 1988

21 Bryce PJ, "The H1 histamine receptor regulates allergic lung responses" 116 : 1624-1632, 2006

22 Beller TC, "Targeted gene disruption reveals the role of the cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor in increased vascular permeability and in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice" 279 : 46129-46134, 2004

23 Choi IW, "TNFalpha induces the late-phase airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation through cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activation" 116 : 537-543, 2005

24 Nakae S, "TNF can contribute to multiple features of ovalbumin-induced allergic inflammation of the airways in mice" 119 : 680-686, 2007

25 Vermaelen KY, "Specific migratory dendritic cells rapidly transport antigen from the airways to the thoracic lymph nodes" 193 : 51-60, 2001

26 Turner H, "Signalling through the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilonRI" 402 : B24-30, 1999

27 Mayr SI, "Role of immunoglobulin E and mast cells in murine models of asthma" 36 : 821-827, 2003

28 Kawakami T, "Regulation of mast-cell and basophil function and survival by IgE" 2 : 773-786, 2002

29 Kawakami T, "Regulation of mast-cell and basophil function and survival by IgE" 2 : 773-786, 2002

30 Daëron M, "Regulation of high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell activation by murine low-affinity IgG receptors" 95 : 577-585, 1995

31 Nigo YI, "Regulation of allergic airway inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4-mediated modification of mast cell function" 103 : 2286-2291, 2006

32 Hammad H, "Recent progress in the biology of airway dendritic cells and implications for understanding the regulation of asthmatic inflammation" 118 : 331-336, 2006

33 Murakami M, "Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 and -2 couple to different transmembrane stimuli to generate prostaglandin D2 in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells" 269 : 22269-22275, 1994

34 Honda K, "Prostaglandin D2 reinforces Th2 type inflammatory responses of airways to low-dose antigen through bronchial expression of macrophage-derived chemokine" 198 : 533-543, 2003

35 Murray JJ, "Prostaglandin D2 is released during acute allergic bronchospasm in man" 98 : 275-280, 1985

36 Xue L, "Prostaglandin D2 causes preferential induction of proinflammatory Th2 cytokine production through an action on chemoattractant receptor-like molecule expressed on Th2 cells" 175 : 6531-6536, 2005

37 Matsuoka T, "Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma" 287 : 2013-2017, 2000

38 Gosset P, "Prostaglandin D2 affects the differentiation and functions of human dendritic cells: impact on the T cell response" 35 : 1491-1500, 2005

39 Fujitani Y, "Pronounced eosinophilic lung inflammation and Th2 cytokine release in human lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase transgenic mice" 168 : 443-449, 2002

40 Ogawa K, "Primary role of CD4+ T cells and supplemental role of mast cells in allergic pulmonary eosinophilia" 120 : 15-18, 1999

41 Hamilton A, "Pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, attenuates allergen-induced early- and late-phase bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic subjects" 102 : 177-183, 1998

42 Machado DC, "Potential allergens stimulate the release of mediators of the allergic response from cells of mast cell lineage in the absence of sensitization with antigen-specific IgE" 26 : 2972-2980, 1996

43 Dvorak AM, "Piecemeal degranulation of basophils and mast cells is effected by vesicular transport of stored secretory granule contents" 85 : 135-184, 2005

44 Boyce JA, "No audible wheezing: nuggets and conundrums from mouse asthma models" 201 : 1869-1873, 2005

45 Lambrecht BN, "Myeloid dendritic cells induce Th2 responses to inhaled antigen, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation" 106 : 551-559, 2000

46 Kalesnikoff J, "Monomeric IgE stimulates signaling pathways in mast cells that lead to cytokine production and cell survival" 14 : 801-811, 2001

47 Nocka K, "Molecular bases of dominant negative and loss of function mutations at the murine c-kit/white spotting locus: W37, Wv, W41 and W" 9 : 1805-1813, 1990

48 Ujike A, "Modulation of immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated systemic anaphylaxis by low-affinity Fc receptors for IgG" 189 : 1573-1579, 1999

49 Brightling CE, "Mast-cell infiltration of airway smooth muscle in asthma" 346 : 1699-1705, 2002

50 Lee DM, "Mast cells: a cellular link between autoantibodies and inflammatory arthritis" 297 : 1689-1692, 2002

51 Taube C, "Mast cells, Fc epsilon RI, and IL-13 are required for development of airway hyperresponsiveness after aerosolized allergen exposure in the absence of adjuvant" 172 : 6398-6406, 2004

52 Woodman L, "Mast cells promote airway smooth muscle cell differentiation via autocrine up-regulation of TGF-beta 1" 181 : 5001-5007, 2008

53 Malaviya R, "Mast cells process bacterial Ags through a phagocytic route for class I MHC presentation to T cells" 156 : 1490-1496, 1996

54 Masuda T, "Mast cells play a partial role in allergeninduced subepithelial fibrosis in a murine model of allergic asthma" 33 : 705-713, 2003

55 Kung TT, "Mast cells modulate allergic pulmonary eosinophilia in mice" 12 : 404-409, 1995

56 Reuter S, "Mast cells induce migration of dendritic cells in a murine model of acute allergic airway disease" 151 : 214-222, 2010

57 Jawdat DM, "Mast cells have a pivotal role in TNF-independent lymph node hypertrophy and the mobilization of Langerhans cells in response to bacterial peptidoglycan" 177 : 1755-1762, 2006

58 Nakae S, "Mast cells enhance T cell activation: importance of mast cell costimulatory molecules and secreted TNF" 176 : 2238-2248, 2006

59 Nakae S, "Mast cells enhance T cell activation: Importance of mast cellderived TNF" 102 : 6467-6472, 2005

60 Forward NA, "Mast cells down-regulate CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell suppressor function via histamine H1 receptor interaction" 183 : 3014-3022, 2009

61 Tsai M, "Mast cells derived from embryonic stem cells: a model system for studying the effects of genetic manipulations on mast cell development, phenotype, and function in vitro and in vivo" 75 : 345-349, 2002

62 Urade Y, "Mast cells contain spleen-type prostaglandin D synthetase" 265 : 371-375, 1990

63 Yu M, "Mast cells can promote the development of multiple features of chronic asthma in mice" 116 : 1633-1641, 2006

64 Williams CM, "Mast cells can amplify airway reactivity and features of chronic inflammation in an asthma model in mice" 192 : 455-462, 2000

65 Galli SJ, "Mast cells as “tunable” effector and immunoregulatory cells: recent advances" 23 : 749-786, 2005

66 Gordon JR, "Mast cells as a source of both preformed and immunologically inducible TNF-alpha/cachectin" 346 : 274-276, 1990

67 Heib V, "Mast cells are crucial for early inflammation, migration of Langerhans cells, and CTL responses following topical application of TLR7 ligand in mice" 110 : 946-953, 2007

68 Metcalfe DD, "Mast cells" 77 : 1033-1079, 1997

69 Scholten J, "Mast cell-specific Cre/loxP-mediated recombination in vivo" 17 : 307-315, 2008

70 Stelekati E, "Mast cell-mediated antigen presentation regulates CD8+ T cell effector functions" 31 : 665-676, 2009

71 Reuter S, "Mast cell-derived tumour necrosis factor is essential for allergic airway disease" 31 : 773-782, 2008

72 McLachlan JB, "Mast cell-derived tumor necrosis factor induces hypertrophy of draining lymph nodes during infection" 4 : 1199-1205, 2003

73 Skokos D, "Mast cell-derived exosomes induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells and elicit specific immune responses in vivo" 170 : 3037-3045, 2003

74 Nakae S, "Mast cell-derived TNF contributes to airway hyperreactivity, inflammation, and Th2 cytokine production in an asthma model in mice" 120 : 48-55, 2007

75 Grimbaldeston MA, "Mast cell-deficient W-sash c-kit mutant Kit W-sh/W-sh mice as a model for investigating mast cell biology in vivo" 167 : 835-848, 2005

76 Suto H, "Mast cell-associated TNF promotes dendritic cell migration" 176 : 4102-4112, 2006

77 Metz M, "Mast cell functions in the innate skin immune system" 213 : 251-260, 2008

78 Wang HW, "Mast cell activation and migration to lymph nodes during induction of an immune response in mice" 102 : 1617-1626, 1998

79 Poncet P, "MHC class II-dependent activation of CD4+ T cell hybridomas by human mast cells through superantigen presentation" 66 : 105-112, 1999

80 Eisenbarth SC, "Lipopolysaccharide-enhanced, toll-like receptor 4-dependent T helper cell type 2 responses to inhaled antigen" 196 : 1645-1651, 2002

81 Samuelsson B, "Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation" 220 : 568-575, 1983

82 Miyahara N, "Leukotriene B4 receptor-1 is essential for allergenmediated recruitment of CD8+ T cells and airway hyperresponsiveness" 174 : 4979-4984, 2005

83 Cates EC, "Intranasal exposure of mice to house dust mite elicits allergic airway inflammation via a GM-CSF-mediated mechanism" 173 : 6384-6392, 2004

84 Enerbäck L, "Intraepithelial migration of nasal mucosal mast cells in hay fever" 80 : 44-51, 1986

85 Bradding P, "Interleukin-4, -5, and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and asthmatic airways: evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines" 10 : 471-480, 1994

86 Bradding P, "Interleukin-4, -5, and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and asthmatic airways: evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines" 10 : 471-480, 1994

87 Taube C, "Insights into the pathogenesis of asthma utilizing murine models" 135 : 173-186, 2004

88 Orning L, "Inhibition of leukotriene C and leukotriene D biosynthesis" 255 : 8023-8026, 1980

89 Gauvreau GM, "Inhaled leukotriene E(4), but not leukotriene D(4), increased airway inflammatory cells in subjects with atopic asthma" 164 : 1495-1500, 2001

90 Gauchat JF, "Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells by mast cells and basophils" 365 : 340-343, 1993

91 Grabbe J, "Induction of MHC class II antigen expression on human HMC-1 mast cells" 16 : 67-73, 1997

92 Kambayashi T, "Inducible MHC class II expression by mast cells supports effector and regulatory T cell activation" 182 : 4686-4695, 2009

93 Carroll NG, "Increased mast cells and neutrophils in submucosal mucous glands and mucus plugging in patients with asthma" 57 : 677-682, 2002

94 De Marco R, "Incidence and remission of asthma: a retrospective study on the natural history of asthma in Italy" 110 : 228-235, 2002

95 Kaiko GE, "Immunological decision-making: how does the immune system decide to mount a helper T-cell response?" 123 : 326-338, 2008

96 Bryce PJ, "Immune sensitization in the skin is enhanced by antigen-independent effects of IgE" 20 : 381-392, 2004

97 Liu MC, "Immediate and late inflammatory responses to ragweed antigen challenge of the peripheral airways in allergic asthmatics. Cellular, mediator, and permeability changes" 144 : 51-58, 1991

98 Jawdat DM, "IgEmediated mast cell activation induces Langerhans cell migration in vivo" 173 : 5275-5282, 2004

99 Kitawaki T, "IgE-activated mast cells in combination with pro-inflammatory factors induce Th2-promoting dendritic cells" 18 : 1789-1799, 2006

100 Young JD, "Identification, purification, and characterization of a mast cell-associated cytolytic factor related to tumor necrosis factor" 84 : 9175-9179, 1987

101 Leal-Berumen I, "IL-6 production by rat peritoneal mast cells is not necessarily preceded by histamine release and can be induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide" 152 : 5468-5476, 1994

102 Yang W, "Human lung mast cells adhere to human airway smooth muscle, in part, via tumor suppressor in lung cancer-1" 176 : 1238-1243, 2006

103 Hollins F, "Human airway smooth muscle promotes human lung mast cell survival, proliferation, and constitutive activation: cooperative roles for CADM1, stem cell factor, and IL-6" 181 : 2772-2780, 2008

104 Mazzoni A, "Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization" 108 : 1865-1873, 2001

105 Jutel M, "Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors" 413 : 420-425, 2001

106 Jutel M, "Histamine in allergic inflammation and immune modulation" 137 : 82-92, 2005

107 McIlroy A, "Histamine and prostaglandin E up-regulate the production of Th2-attracting chemokines (CCL17 and CCL22) and down-regulate IFN-gamma-induced CXCL10 production by immature human dendritic cells" 117 : 507-516, 2006

108 Cowden JM, "Histamine H4 receptor antagonism diminishes existing airway inflammation and dysfunction via modulation of Th2 cytokines" 11 : 86-, 2010

109 Nigrovic PA, "Genetic inversion in mast cell-deficient (W(sh)) mice interrupts corin and manifests as hematopoietic and cardiac aberrancy" 173 : 1693-1701, 2008

110 Okayama Y, "FcepsilonRI-mediated thymic stromal lymphopoietin production by interleukin-4-primed human mast cells" 34 : 425-435, 2009

111 Lam BK, "Expression cloning of a cDNA for human leukotriene C4 synthase, an integral membrane protein conjugating reduced glutathione to leukotriene A4" 91 : 7663-7667, 1994

112 van Rijt LS, "Essential role of dendritic cell CD80/CD86 costimulation in the induction, but not reactivation, of Th2 effector responses in a mouse model of asthma" 114 : 166-173, 2004

113 Thomas PS, "Effects of inhaled tumour necrosis factor alpha in subjects with mild asthma" 57 : 774-778, 2002

114 Casale TB, "Direct evidence of a role for mast cells in the pathogenesis of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction" 80 : 1507-1511, 1987

115 Hamelmann E, "Development of eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness requires interleukin-5 but not immunoglobulin E or B lymphocytes" 21 : 480-489, 1999

116 Takeda K, "Development of eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mast cell-deficient mice" 186 : 449-454, 1997

117 Goldstein SM, "Detection and partial characterization of a human mast cell carboxypeptidase" 139 : 2724-2729, 1987

118 Irani AM, "Deficiency of the tryptase-positive, chymase-negative mast cell type in gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with defective T lymphocyte function" 138 : 4381-4386, 1987

119 Kitamura Y, "Decreased production of mast cells in S1/S1d anemic mice" 53 : 492-497, 1979

120 Kitamura Y, "Decrease of mast cells in W/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation" 52 : 447-452, 1978

121 Schweitzer-Stenner R, "Death of a dogma or enforcing the artificial: monomeric IgE binding may initiate mast cell response by inducing its receptor aggregation" 174 : 4461-4464, 2005

122 Uzonyi B, "Cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor and proteaseactivated receptor 1 activate strongly correlated early genes in human endothelial cells" 103 : 6326-6331, 2006

123 Oguma T, "Cyclooxygenase-2 expression during allergic inflammation in guinea-pig lungs" 165 : 382-386, 2002

124 Chevalier E, "Cutting edge: chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells plays a restricting role on IL-5 production and eosinophil recruitment" 175 : 2056-2060, 2005

125 Robbie-Ryan M, "Cutting edge: both activating and inhibitory Fc receptors expressed on mast cells regulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis disease severity" 170 : 1630-1634, 2003

126 Eisenbarth SC, "Crucial role for the Nalp3 inflammasome in the immunostimulatory properties of aluminium adjuvants" 453 : 1122-1126, 2008

127 Roquet A, "Combined antagonism of leukotrienes and histamine produces predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstruction in asthmatics" 155 : 1856-1863, 1997

128 Köller M, "Cilastatin (MK 0791) is a potent and specific inhibitor of the renal leukotriene D4-dipeptidase" 131 : 974-979, 1985

129 Busse PJ, "Chronic exposure to TNF-alpha increases airway mucus gene expression in vivo" 116 : 1256-1263, 2005

130 Murphy RC, "Biosynthesis and metabolism of leukotrienes" 405 : 379-395, 2007

131 Vaz NM, "Behaviour of mouse mast cells during anaphylaxis in vitro" 13 : 111-173, 1969

132 Takai T, "Augmented humoral and anaphylactic responses in Fc gamma RII-deficient mice" 379 : 346-349, 1996

133 MacLean JA, "Antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary eosinophilia, and chemokine expression in B cell-deficient mice" 20 : 379-387, 1999

134 Uller L, "Antagonism of the prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2 attenuates asthma pathology in mouse eosinophilic airway inflammation" 8 : 16-, 2007

135 Kobayashi T, "An essential role of mast cells in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine asthma model" 164 : 3855-3861, 2000

136 Brewer JM, "Aluminium hydroxide adjuvant initiates strong antigen-specific Th2 responses in the absence of IL-4- or IL-13- mediated signaling" 163 : 6448-6454, 1999

137 McKee AS, "Alum induces innate immune responses through macrophage and mast cell sensors, but these sensors are not required for alum to act as an adjuvant for specific immunity" 183 : 4403-4414, 2009

138 Mehlhop PD, "Allergen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and eosinophilic inflammation occur in the absence of IgE in a mouse model of asthma" 94 : 1344-1349, 1997

139 Kaur D, "Airway smooth muscle proliferation and survival is not modulated by mast cells" 40 : 279-288, 2010

140 Spik I, "Activation of the prostaglandin D2 receptor DP2/CRTH2 increases allergic inflammation in mouse" 174 : 3703-3708, 2005

141 Yu CK, "Activation of mast cells is essential for development of house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice" 171 : 3808-3815, 2003

142 Terawaki K, "Absence of leukotriene B4 receptor 1 confers resistance to airway hyperresponsiveness and Th2-type immune responses" 175 : 4217-4225, 2005

143 Al-Shami A, "A role for TSLP in the development of inflammation in an asthma model" 202 : 829-839, 2005

144 Lyon MF, "A new allele sash (Wsh) at the W-locus and a spontaneous recessive lethal in mice" 39 : 315-322, 1982

145 Irvin CG, "5-Lipoxygenase products are necessary for ovalbumin-induced airway responsiveness in mice" 272 : L1053-1058, 1997