Handbook of hydraulic engineering

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = 13
• Foreword to the English edition = 15
• 1 Physical Properties of Fluids
• A Physical Constants = 17
• 1.1 Definitions = 17
• 1.2 Weight and mass = 17
• 1.3 The Syst$$\acute e$$me International d'Unit$$\acute e$$s = 18
• 1.4 Density = 18
• 1.5 Specific weight = 19
• 1.6 Relative density = 19
• 1.7 Coefficient of dynamic viscosity = 20
• 1.8 Coefficient of kinematic viscosity = 21
• 1.9 Surface tension. Capillarity = 21
• 1.10 Pressure = 22
• 1.11 Modulus of elasticity = 22
• 1.12 Velocity of elastic waves = 23
• 1.13 Solubility of gases in water = 24
• 1.14 Vapour pressure = 24
• B Dimensional Analysis = 25
• 1.15 General considerations. Geometric parameters = 25
• 1.16 Principle of homogeneity = 25
• 1.17 II theorem or Vaschy-Buckingham theorem = 26
• 1.18 Non-dimensional parameters commonly used in hydraulics = 27
• 1.19 Example = 30
• Bibliography = 31
• 2 Theoretical Bases of Hydraulics
• A Kinematics of Fluid Motion. Types of Flow = 32
• 2.1 Posing the problem = 32
• 2.2 Laminar and turbulent flow = 32
• 2.3 Trajectory of a particle - Lagrangian variables = 33
• 2.4 Eulerian variables. Mean values of velocity, in time. Steady flow and unsteady flow = 34
• 2.5 Streamlines = 35
• 2.6 Flowrate or discharge. Mean velocity in a section. Uniform and nonuniform flow = 35
• 2.7 Equation of continuity = 37
• 2.8 Equation of state = 37
• 2.9 Rotational and irrotational flows = 38
• B Dynamics. General Equation of Motion = 40
• 2.10 Posing the problem = 40
• 2.11 General Navier-Stokes equation = 40
• 2.12 Flows in the field of gravity = 41
• 2.13 Example. Poiseuille's equation for flow in pipes, in steady laminar flow = 42
• 2.14 Turbulent flow. Mixing length = 44
• 2.15 Euler's equations along a path line = 45
• C Energy of Flows. Bernoulli's Theorem = 46
• 2.16 Types of energy = 46
• 2.17 Bernoulli's theorem energy of a particle along its path line = 47
• 2.18 Energy line and piezometric line = 48
• 2.19 Energy or head in section of the flow = 48
• 2.20 Application of Bernoulli's equation to a streamtube = 51
• D Momentum. Euler's Theorem = 53
• 2.21 Momentum = 53
• 2.22 Euler's theorem = 54
• 2.23 Application of Euler's theorem to a streamtube(steady flow) = 55
• 2.24 Application of Euler's theorem to a non-rectilinear pipe = 56
• 2.25 Example = 56
• E Flow Establishment = 58
• 2.26 Boundary layers = 58
• 2.27 Separation of the flow = 59
• 2.28 Forces on immersed bodies. Stokes formula = 60
• F Irrotational Flows = 62
• 2.29 General considerations = 62
• 2.30 Flows in space = 63
• 2.31 Vortex motion = 65
• 2.32 Plane flows. Use of the complex variable functions = 67
• 2.33 Plane flows. Use of conformal representation = 75
• 2.34 Joukowsky's transformation = 76
• 2.35 Plane flow. Graphical methods = 77
• Bibliography = 79
• 3 Hydrostatics
• 3.1 Fundamental equations. Fluid at rest subject only to the action of gravity = 80
• 3.2 Distribution of pressures = 80
• 3.3 Forces on submerged plane surfaces = 82
• 3.4 Examples = 84
• 3.5 Resultant force on rectangular surfaces with two horizontal sides = 84
• 3.6 Buoyancy in immersed bodies : Archimedes' principle = 85
• 3.7 Forces on submerged curved surfaces = 86
• 3.8 Examples = 87
• 3.9 Equilibrium in a liquid subject to fields of forces other than that of gravity = 90
• Bibliography = 92
• 4 Steady Flow in Pipes
• A Friction Head Losses = 93
• 4.1 General equation = 93
• 4.2 Reynold's number. Laminar and turbulent flow Viscous. sublayer = 94
• 4.3 Absolute and relative roughness = 95
• 4.4 Smooth pipes and rough pipes = 95
• 4.5 Friction factor, f. Moody diagram = 95
• 4.6 Empirical formulae = 98
• 4.7 Compatibility between the empirical formulae and the friction factor, f(Moody diagram) = 100
• 4.8 Flow in hoses = 101
• 4.9 Head losses of compressible fluids = 101
• 4.10 Ageing of pipes = 102
• 4.11 Choice of the formula to be used = 104
• 4.12 Economic dimensioning of pumping conduits = 105
• B Local Head Losses = 105
• 4.13 General expression. Equivalent length of pipe = 105
• 4.14 Losses in sudden expansions = 106
• 4.15 Gradual expansion. Diffusers = 107
• 4.16 Losses in contractions and entrances = 109
• 4.17 Losses in valves and taps = 110
• 4.18 Losses in pipe bends = 111
• 4.19 Losses at combining and dividing junctions = 114
• 4.20 Trashracks = 115
• 4.21 Head losses in perforated plate = 118
• 4.22 Head losses in slots and expansion joints = 118
• 4.23 Singularities in series = 120
• C Energy Line and Piezometric Line = 120
• 4.24 Design of the energy line and piezometric line = 120
• 4.25 Position of the piezometric line in relation to the conduit = 122
• D Special Problems = 124
• 4.26 General expression = 124
• 4.27 Examples = 124
• 4.28 Pipes in series = 127
• 4.29 Branched pipes = 127
• 4.30 Pipes in parallel = 128
• 4.31 Several reservoirs connected to one another = 128
• 4.32 Complex systems Pipe networks = 129
• 4.33 Conduits with constant discharge and variable diameter = 131
• 4.34 Conduits with constant diameter and uniformly varying discharge along their lengths = 131
• Bibliography = 132
• 5 Open-Channel Flows. Uniform Flow
• A Basic Concepts = 134
• 5.1 Reynolds number and Froude number = 134
• 5.2 Types of flow = 135
• 5.3 Distribution of pressures and velocities = 135
• B Flow Resistance Energy Losses = 137
• 5.4 Uniform flow formulae = 137
• 5.5 Determination of the uniform depth discharge capacity curves = 139
• 5.6 Maximum discharge cross-section = 141
• 5.7 Compound cross-sections = 142
• 5.8 Freeboard in channels = 142
• C Stability of Unlined Channels = 143
• 5.9 Dimensioning criteria for noncohesive materials = 143
• 5.10 Critical velocities = 143
• 5.11 Critical shear stress = 144
• 5.12 Example = 146
• 5.13 Example = 147
• 5.14 Most stable shape of the cross-section = 148
• 5.15 Channels with vegetation = 149
• Bibliography = 150
• 6 Open-Channel Flow. Steady Flow
• A General. Equations = 152
• 6.1 Types of flow = 152
• 6.2 Energy losses = 153
• 6.3 Energy in relation to a horizontal datum = 153
• 6.4 Energy in relation to the bottom = 154
• 6.5 Momentum function = 156
• 6.6 Critical flow = 157
• 6.7 The kinetic factor : Froude number = 159
• B Gradually Varied Flow. Surface Profiles = 160
• 6.8 General equation of gradually varied flow = 160
• 6.9 Classification of surface profiles = 161
• 6.10 Reference cross-section = 166
• 6.11 Graphical method = 166
• 6.12 Step-by-step method = 168
• 6.13 Bakhmeteff's method = 169
• 6.14 Approximate Bakhmeteff's solution = 170
• 6.15 Surface profiles in natural watercourses = 171
• C Rapidly Varied Flow. Hydraulic jump = 171
• 6.16 Definitions = 171
• 6.17 Determination of the conjugate depths of the jump = 173
• 6.18 Determination of energy loss = 176
• 6.19 Location and length of the jump = 176
• 6.20 Submerged hydraulic jump = 177
• 6.21 Hydraulic jump in rectangular channels = 178
• D Singularities = 178
• 6.22 Borda losses - Escande's formula = 178
• 6.23 Passage from a reservoir to a channel = 179
• 6.24 Passage from a channel to a reservoir = 180
• 6.25 Raising of the bottom = 181
• 6.26 Local constrictions : bridge piers = 181
• 6.27 Extensive contraction = 186
• 6.28 Sudden slope changes = 186
• 6.29 Sudden drop = 189
• 6.30 Flow at bends = I90
• E Sudden Drop. Spillways = 193
• 6.31 General considerations = 193
• 6.32 Broad-crested weirs. High overflow spillways. The WES(Waterways Experiment Station) crest profiles = 194
• 6.33 Low overflow spillways = 197
• 6.34 Distribution of pressures on the upstream face = 199
• 6.35 Circular spillway crest in plan. Shaft or morning glory spillways = 200
• 6.36 Coefficient of contraction in spillways with piers = 202
• F Energy Dissipation = 203
• 6.37 General = 203
• 6.38 Hydraulic jump stilling basins = 204
• 6.39 Roller buckets = 207
• 6.40 Impact-type stilling basins = 208
• 6.41 Baffled apron drop spillways = 210
• Bibliography = 211
• 7 Flows in Porous Media
• A Definitions and General Laws = 213
• 7.1 Characteristics of porous media = 213
• 7.2 Water in soils. Classification of aquifers = 214
• 7.3 Specific storage. Storage coefficient. Specific yield = 216
• 7.4 Darcy's law = 217
• 7.5 Hydraulic conductivity(permeability). Intrinsic permeability = 218
• 7.6 Transmissivity = 221
• 7.7 Unconfined flow Seepage face = 221
• B Steady Flow = 222
• 7.8 Flow into trenches = 222
• 7.9 Fully-penetrating wells io confined aquifers. Thiem's equation = 224
• 7.10 Fully-penetrating wells in confined aquifers with overlapping parallel flow = 226
• 7.11 Fully-penetrating wells in unconfined aquifers = 227
• 7.12 Partially penetrating wells = 231
• 7.13 Influence of the position related to the aquifers = 233
• 7.14 Group of fully penetrating wells Reciprocal influences = 234
• 7.15 Wells in aquifers with defined boundaries image well method = 235
• C Unsteady Flow = 235
• 7.16 General considerations = 235
• 7.17 The Their equation = 235
• 7.18 Simplified Jacob's formula = 238
• 7.19 Recovery curve = 239
• 7.20 Radius of influence of a well = 240
• D Soil Drainage = 240
• 7.21 Drainage of soils under steady state = 240
• 7.22 Soil drainage in conditions of unsteady flow = 245
• Bibliography = 245
• 8 Flow Measurements. Orifices and Weirs
• A Measurements of Water Levels and Pressures = 246
• 8.1 Instruments to measure the water level directly = 246
• 8.2 Piezometers = 247
• 8.3 U-tube manometers = 247
• 8.4 Differential manometers = 248
• 8.5 Standards for installing piezometers and manometers = 249
• B Measurements of Velocities = 250
• 8.6 Floats = 250
• 8.7 Pitot-static tubes = 250
• 8.8 Pitot cylinder = 251
• 8.9 Pitot spheres = 253
• 8.10 Current meters = 253
• 8.11 Current meters for sea currents = 254
• 8.12 Measurements of the mean velocity in a cross-section = 254
• C Discharge Measurement in Pressure Conduits = 255
• 8.13 Volumetric methods = 255
• 8.14 Pressure drop apparatus = 255
• 8.15 Mechanical meters = 259
• 8.16 Magnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters = 259
• 8.17 Measurement of discharge by means of elbows(elbow meters) = 260
• 8.18 Factors to be taken into account in choosing a discharge meter in pressure conduits = 260
• D Orifices = 261
• 8.19 Definitions = 261
• 8.20 Small dimension orifices Torricelli's formula : coefficients of contraction, velocity and discharge = 261
• 8.21 Large dimension orifices = 263
• 8.22 Orifice with incomplete or suppressed contraction = 264
• 8.23 Gates = 264
• 8.24 Partially or completely submerged orfices = 265
• 8.25 Additional pipes = 266
• 8.26 Culverts = 267
• 8.27 Shape of the jet = 267
• 8.28 Approximate measurement of discharge by means of the path of the jet = 268
• E Sharp-crested Weirs = 269
• 8.29 Definitions = 269
• 8.30 Rectangular weirs without lateral contraction : Bazin weirs = 270
• 8.31 Ventilation of the nappe = 271
• 8.32 Rectangular weir with side contractions = 273
• 8.33 V-notch weir(triangular weir) = 273
• 8.34 Trapezoidal weir. Cipolleti weir = 274
• 8.35 Circular weir = 275
• 8.36 Proportional notch Sutro weir = 276
• 8.37 Choice of a sharp-crested weir = 277
• 8.38 Inclined weir = 277
• 8.39 Oblique weir = 278
• 8.40 Lateral weir = 278
• F Broad-crested Weirs = 279
• 8.41 General considerations = 279
• 8.42 Rectangular profile weir without lateral contractions = 280
• 8.43 Triangular-throated weir = 281
• 8.44 Straight drop structures = 282
• G Short Broad Crested Weirs = 283
• 8.45 General considerations = 283
• 8.46 Short broad-crest weirs in rectangular channels without lateral contraction = 284
• H Venturi Flumes. Parshall Flumes = 285
• 8.47 Long Venturi flumes = 285
• 8.48 Parshall flumes = 285
• Bibliography = 286
• 9 Centrifugal Pumps
• 9.1 Definitions and classification = 287
• 9.2 Discharge = 289
• 9.3 Pumping head = 289
• 9.4 Net positive suction head = 291
• 9.5 Power and efficiency = 293
• 9.6 Rotation speed = 294
• 9.7 The 'hill diagram' = 294
• 9.8 Specific speed = 295
• 9.9 Suction limits = 297
• 9.10 Characteristic curves. Operating point = 297
• 9.11 Operation of pumps in parallel = 299
• 9.12 Operation of pumps in series = 301
• 9.13 Mixed connection = 303
• 9.14 Starting-up conditions = 303
• 9.15 Motor conditions = 304
• 9.16 Installation, operation and maintenance = 304
• 9.17 Breakdowns = 306
• 9.18 Information to be given to the manufacturer when choosing a centrifugal pump = 306
• Bibliography = 307
• 10 Transient Flow in Pressure Conduits. Protection of Pipelines
• A Elastic Waves. Water Hammer = 308
• 10.1 Qualitative aspect = 308
• 10.2 Velocity of an elastic wave Influence of the pipe = 310
• 10.3 Theoretical analysis of water hammer. Allievi's equations = 312
• 10.4 Rapid closure or opening. Joukowsky's formula = 313
• 10.5 Slow closure or opening. Parameters of the pipe = 315
• 10.6 Minimum and maximum pressure after sudden stoppage of a pump = 316
• 10.7 Breakdown of the flow = 316
• 10.8 Influence of air bubbles on water hammer = 316
• B Mass Oscillation Surge Shafts = 316
• 10.9 Water hammer when there is a surge shaft = 316
• 10.10 Mass oscillation in the shaft-reservoir zone. Fundamental equations = 319
• 10.11 Surge shafts with constant cross-section(P＝O ； R＝O). Non-dimensional parameters = 320
• 10.12 Surge shaft with constant cross-section. Effect of head loss(P ≠O ； R ≠O) = 322
• 10.13 Surge shafts of constant cross-section with throttled orifice(R ≠O) = 324
• C Protective Devices = 326
• 10.14 General considerations = 326
• 10.15 Inertia of the pump units and inertia flywheel = 327
• 10.16 Surge shafts = 328
• 10.17 Air vessels = 329
• 10.18 Factors related to head loss orifices in surge shafts and air vessels = 332
• 10.19 Feed tanks = 333
• 10.20 Pump by-pass check valve = 334
• 10.21 Relief valves = 335
• 10.22 Combined protective arrangements = 336
• 10.23 Unconventional devices = 336
• Bibliography = 336
• Tables and graphs
• Guide to the arrangement of the tables and graphs = 341
• Bibliographical references for the tables and graphs = 527
• List of symbols = 531
• Subject index = 536