I. Background and Necessity
○Wireless power transmission technology is emerging as a core technology in this highly digitalized era, encompassing electric vehicles, IoT, and medical devices, and holds the potential to revolutionize the existing wire...
I. Background and Necessity
○Wireless power transmission technology is emerging as a core technology in this highly digitalized era, encompassing electric vehicles, IoT, and medical devices, and holds the potential to revolutionize the existing wired power supply system.
-Wireless power transmission technology is being utilized in diverse fields, including electric vehicles, wearable devices, IoT devices, and medical devices. However, advancement and commercialization of such technology are hampered by inadequate regulatory frameworks.
-Such regulations act as unnecessary constraints, resulting in lagging behind in technological advancement and ultimately hindering industrial development.
○Regulatory barriers need to be removed to secure industrial competitiveness, enhance consumer safety, and create more jobs in new business areas through the development of Korea's wireless power transmission industry.
○Therefore, this study comprehensively examines the regulatory aspects of the wireless power transmission industry and seeks to develop improvement measures.
-To this end, this study reviews the outline of the wireless power transmission technology and areas for application, presents legal and institutional implications, and examines relevant domestic and international legislation and standardization trends, with the ultimate aim of developing regulatory improvement strategies.
Ⅱ.Review of Wireless Power Transmission Technology and Legislation as National Core Technology
○Wireless power transmission, a technology that wirelessly transmits electricity without using power lines, is evaluated as a new technology that will lead the paradigm shift in industry in the era of digital innovation.
-Wireless power transmission is increasingly utilized in such various fields as smartphones, electric vehicles, and drones, based on its strengths including charging convenience and innovative user experience.
-The main wireless power transmission methods are broadly categorized into non-radiative and radiative (microwave) methods. Non-radiative methods are further categorized into magnetic induction and magnetic resonance, which are respectively utilized in a wide range of fields such as mobile phones, laptops, home appliances, drones, and space.
-However, the use of radio waves in unlicensed frequency bands for transmitting energy raises concerns over radio interference, thus leading to the need for international management.
○The representative legal basis for wireless power transmission technology in Korea is provided in the Radio Waves Act.
-Article 45 of the Act stipulates technical standards for wireless equipment, and Article 47 stipulates safety standards for wireless equipment.
-The purposes of the respective provisions above are to ensure the efficient use and safety of radio waves and prevent any harm to human body and the environment caused by electromagnetic waves.
-In addition, Article 67 of the Electric Utility Act sets out technical standards required for the safety management of electrical equipment. Article 12 (1) of the Industrial Standardization Act and Article 34 of the Framework Act on Broadcasting Communications Development provide details regarding grounding facilities.
○Frequency-related specifics are governed by the Wireless Equipment Rules, which stipulate such matters as ‘wireless equipment technical standards’, ‘frequency tolerance’, ‘occupied frequency bandwidth tolerance’, and ‘spurious area boundary standards for narrowband and wideband systems’.
-Meanwhile, the electromagnetic compatibility standards specify details regarding electromagnetic waves associated with wireless power transmission. These standards categorize applicable wireless power transmission devices into ‘class A devices (for use outside home)’ and ‘class B devices (for use primarily at home)’.
-However, such categorization is limited in actively responding to the expansion of IoT devices.
○Wireless power transmission products undergo a four-step launch process: technical certification, government approval based on conformity, preparation for market release, and distribution and sales.
-Compliance with local regulations and certification procedures, such as US FCC certification and European CE certification, is mandatory.
-South Korea has also made diverse standardization efforts to obtain international certification. In May of 2025, the Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) of Korea was officially designated as the world's first Authorized Test Lab capable of testing and certification for the Ki international standard.
○Regulations related to wireless power transmission include ‘electromagnetic wave human protection standards’, ‘electromagnetic wave interference prevention’, and ‘device conformity assessment’.
-First, electromagnetic wave human protection standards are applied differently for each device, taking into account varying output conditions and installation environments. Any failure to meet the specific absorption rate (SAR) requirement may result in restrictions on market distribution or a ban on use.
-Second, as for the electromagnetic wave interference prevention, South Korea has implemented various testing standards, including KS C 9610-6-1 (household), KS C 9610-6-2 (industrial), and KS C9811, to assess electromagnetic compatibility performance.
-Finally, the device conformity assessment provides detailed criteria for each product group. Wireless power transmission devices are required to comply with international standards established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
○To secure competitiveness and commercialize the wireless power transmission technology utilized in diverse industries, including wearable devices, electric vehicles, and smartphones, it is necessary to play a leading role in adopting or establishing regulations governing frequency and electromagnetic waves and to ensure global compatibility.
-To this end, participation in international standardization bodies such as SAE and ISO/IEC, patent response, and stronger product safety verification system are urgently needed.
Ⅲ.Trends and Implications of International Wireless Power Transmission Standardization
○An examination of the legal systems for wireless power transmission in the United States and China reveals the following:
-The United States implements a regulatory framework governed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Specifically, regulations governing the operating frequencies and output power of wireless power transmission devices are clearly defined. Furthermore, such devices must undergo certification procedures to address radio interference and ensure human safety.
-China comprehensively regulates the installation and operation of wireless stations, as well as the manufacture, import, and sale of wireless transmission devices, based on the Radio Administration Regulations of the People's Republic of China.
○Meanwhile, an examination of international wireless power transmission standardization trends reveals the following:
-The Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R), an international organization responsible for frequency allocation, technical standardization, and international cooperation, is currently working on the standardization of frequencies for wireless power transmission, whereas the Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) handles technical issues, operational methods, and charging systems and the Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) performs telecommunications promotion projects.
-The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is focusing on improving regulations, including safety standards for related technologies and electromagnetic radiation protection standards, in response to the recent proliferation of wireless power transfer systems. Among such regulations, IEC 61980-1 stipulates technical standards for wireless charging systems for electric vehicles, one of the wireless power transmission technologies. Standards for high-frequency electromagnetic interference from industrial, scientific, and medical equipment have also been established.
-The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) is a non-profit standardization organization operating in two standards groups: Qi and HI. Recently, Qi v2.2, which integrates multi-pronged power transfer (MPP), AI-based power distribution, and multi-device simultaneous charging capabilities, has laid the foundation for international certification.
○With respect to wireless power transmission, various international standardization organizations (IEC, ISO/IEC JTC1 SC 6, etc.) and industry associations play a leading role in the standardization thereof.
-While many technical and regulatory challenges remain, the State should develop standards and research institutes are required to actively reflect such standards and respond to relevant challenges, in a bid to invigorate the industry and lead the market.
Ⅳ. Review of Legislative Improvements to Invigorate the Wireless Power Transmission Industry
○Efforts are underway to invigorate the wireless power transmission industry, including improving Korea's electric vehicle system to allow market entry for wireless charging devices for electric vehicles and establishing a foundation for wireless power transmission for electric vehicles during the demonstration phase through the EU's legal and standards reform.
○Safety and technology diffusion can be achieved by converting the strict licensing system for high-power radio waves to a certification system.
-In March of 2025, wireless power transmission devices of 1 kilowatt or less were added to devices subject to licensing exemption. While exceptional licensing exemptions apply to some devices, they are subject to blanket restrictions on installation locations, output, and intended use amid concerns over frequency interference.
-Therefore, flexible licensing exemptions for certain areas are necessary to expand the adoption of wireless charging technology.
-Furthermore, a flexible approach to the licensing system for such purposes as ensuring human exposure safety could positively impact initial market formation.
○The introduction of long-distance, contactless wireless charging technology could lead to a paradigm shift in the strategic infrastructure of related domestic industries.
-Wireless power transmission technology is evolving into a long-distance transmission technology utilizing high-frequency bands. It is capable of stably supplying power to multiple devices in high-frequency bands and is highly utilized in industrial settings.
-However, establishing an institutional foundation for such technology requires preemptive efforts to secure frequency bands suitable for high-frequency wireless power transmission and improve allocation policies, establishment of an electromagnetic compatibility testing and certification system that reflects the characteristics of long-distance transmitters, and active participation in international standardization.
○Frequency deregulation and institutional flexibility, based on the premise of preventing radio interference and ensuring human safety, are both required for the commercialization of high-power wireless charging technology.
-Wireless power transmission technology is expanding into high-power applications, but relevant statutes or regulations restrict the usable frequency bands and output ranges.
-While there are exceptions to ensure institutional flexibility, these are limited in scope. Extensive institutional improvements are required to expand high-power wireless charging technology to a wider range of industries.
○An institutional foundation for the wireless power transmission technology should be established through a demonstration-based system centered on regulation-free special zones.
-‘Gyeongbuk Regulatory Free Zone for Next-Generation Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles’ designated in September of 2022 is the only special zone subject to wireless power transmission technology in Korea. Various demonstration projects are underway therein, including high-power wireless charging and wired/wireless charging.
-To facilitate the expansion of related industries across diverse sectors, more regulation-free special zones should be designated, with a focus on areas with high technology demand, and institutional follow-up measures based on demonstration results should be implemented.
○In addition, improvements are needed in such areas as ‘addition of legal grounds for utilizing radio wave energy’, ‘accelerated frequency supply’, and ‘reorganized regulations for radio wave application equipment’.
Ⅴ. Conclusion
○The wireless power transmission technology is a core technology that forms the foundation for new industries such as electric vehicles, IoT, and medical devices. Regulatory framework improvement and institutional support are essential to the relevant industrial revitalization.
-However, Korea's wireless power transmission industry is currently lagging behind the pace of industrial development due to its regulatory system centered on the Radio Waves Act.
-To ensure the commercialization and industrialization of the technology, it is necessary to establish minimum standards for electromagnetic wave human protection, create a flexible frequency allocation and licensing system for frequency use, and expand the regulatory sandbox and institutionalize exceptional licensing exemptions for long-distance, non-contact wireless charging technology.
-To this end, institutional improvements are required, such as a shift to a technology-driven regulatory system and the introduction of exceptional licensing exemptions.