The emergence of CAR T cell therapy has redefined therapeutic strategies for hematologic malignancies. However, the clinical application of ex vivo–engineered CAR T cells remain limited due to manufacturing complexity, cost, and treatment delays. To...
The emergence of CAR T cell therapy has redefined therapeutic strategies for hematologic malignancies. However, the clinical application of ex vivo–engineered CAR T cells remain limited due to manufacturing complexity, cost, and treatment delays. To address these limitations, I established a modular, non-viral platform for in vivo CAR T cell engineering based on mRNA lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs) decorated with antibody–apolipoprotein fusion proteins. These antibody constructs were engineered by fusing apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) to T cell-specific monoclonal antibodies, a configuration that enables each fusion protein to stably associate with LNP surfaces through spontaneous adsorption. Antibody-conjugated LNPs (Ab-LNP) encapsulating mRNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or CD19-targeted CAR were evaluated for size, stability, and transfection efficiency. This platform achieved selective engagement of CD3⁺, CD5⁺ T cell lines. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Ab-LNPs mediated efficient and specific transfections of endogenous CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, while minimizing off-target expression. Importantly, anti-CD3 LNPs maintained robust delivery capacity following freeze–thaw handling and performed consistently across multiple donors despite biological variability. Co-culture assay with NALM-6 leukemia cells demonstrated that transiently reprogrammed CAR T cells exerted potent tumor cytotoxicity after a single Ab-LNP administration. Furthermore, in vivo delivery of EGFP mRNA using anti-mouse CD3 LNPs induced strong EGFP expression in CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells within lymphoid tissues, confirming effective T cell targeting under physiological conditions. Collectively, these findings position the T cell-targeted LNP platform as a scalable and clinically compatible approach for direct in vivo programming of CAR T cells. This strategy can offer a next-generation alternative to conventional ex vivo CAR T manufacturing, enabling rapid, personalized immunotherapy.