The purpose of the present study was to indentify psychological mechanism underlying the adverse effects of poverty on psychosocial adjustment of adolescents. 483 adolescents in the 7th and 8th grades were recruited from a school in an area with heavy...
The purpose of the present study was to indentify psychological mechanism underlying the adverse effects of poverty on psychosocial adjustment of adolescents. 483 adolescents in the 7th and 8th grades were recruited from a school in an area with heavy concentration of low income families. They were assessed with self report measures of family risk factors, parent-child relation, self efficacy, depression and externalizing behavior problems at time 1. At time 2 assessment one year later, depression, externalizing behavior problems and life stress for the 1 year period between the two assessment points were assessed.
In Study 1, SEM analysis of data from 331 adolescents(162 boys and 169 girls) who participated in both assessments revealed that adverse effects of poverty operate through different pathways depending on gender. For girls, family risk factors and poor parent-child relations mediated the adverse effects of poverty on both depression and externalizing behavior problems. Self efficacy mediated the link between parent-child relations and depression, but not externalizing behavior problems. Family risk factors also had direct influence on depression in girls. Mediating effects of family risk factors, parent-child relations and self efficacy was significant for depression in boys, but their mediating effects for externalizing behavior problems were not supported by boys' data. Direct path from family risk factors to boys' externalizing behavior problems was significant. In Study 2, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that effects of poverty status and stress were different depending on gender and type of adjustment measure. For depression at time 2 after controlling for depression at time 1, significant main effects of gender and life stress were obtained, but only the main effect of life stress was significant for externalizing behavior problems at time 2 after controlling for time 1. Gender × Stress interaction was significant for depression and Poverty Status × Gender and Gender × Stress interaction were also significant for externalizing behavior problems. Specifically, girls, compared to boys, were more vulnerable to life stress and poverty status.
Implications of the present study are as follows. First, since family risk factors and parent child relations emerged as important mediating factors, family intervention should be given a high priority in preventive intervention programs for adolescents from low SES families. Parent training programs promoting supportive relationship and/or facilitating communication with adolescents should be seriously considered in planning preventive programs for them. Since girls appear to be more vulnerable to adverse effects of poverty and negative family enviroment, family focused intervention programs are likely to be particularly important for them. Second, considering the mediating effect of self-efficay in depression, programs designed to enhace self efficay in adolescents would be an effective strategy for prevention of depression.
Suggestions for future research are as follows. First, since adverse effects of poverty on psychosocial adjustment might be different depending on the developmental stage, studies looking at age groups other than early adolescents are necessary. Second, in future studies, it will be important to obtain more detailed data on the extent and persistence of poverty, and reliable data on family situations substantiated with home visits and parent interview. Third, given that poverty has emerged as an important social issue in our society, efforts to develop effective preventive intervention programs for children and adolescents growing up in poverty are clearly in great need.