This study aims to deepen the overall understanding of Choi Jeong-hee’s literary world by examining her novels written during the Liberation period. From her debut in 1931 to the publication of her last work in 1980, Choi Jeong-hee was active for ab...
This study aims to deepen the overall understanding of Choi Jeong-hee’s literary world by examining her novels written during the Liberation period. From her debut in 1931 to the publication of her last work in 1980, Choi Jeong-hee was active for about fifty years and published more than eighty short stories and novels, showing a wide range of literary styles and themes. However, previous studies on her literature have mainly focused on her early and late works. Her Liberation-period novels have not received enough attention. For this reason, this study analyzes those novels in order to fill a relative gap in earlier research.
In this study, the Liberation period is defined as the five years from August 15, 1945, which was an incomplete liberation, to the outbreak of the Korean War on June 25, 1950, when the hope for complete liberation was frustrated. Among the works Choi Jeong-hee wrote during this period, sixteen short stories are examined. Until the year after liberation, Choi Jeong-hee lived for seven years in a small village called Deokso, and her experiences there became an important basis for her Liberation-period fiction. While living a rural life, she worked as a farmer herself and gained a close connection with peasants. Her attention to poor farmers who suffered from exploitation by landlords was closely related to her seven years of life in Deokso. In addition to rural issues, the problem of women shown in her Liberation-period novels was also a subject she had consistently been interested in since the 1930s.
In Section 1 of Chapter II, this study examines the narratives of peasants’ suffering from two main perspectives: the oppression by landlords and the violence committed by the U.S. military. Novels such as Bongsu and His Family, Jeomnye, A Village Caught in Pleasure, and The Scene of Drawing Water describe the hardships of peasants based on the author’s experiences in Deokso. The reality after liberation was very different from what peasants had hoped for. In particular, after the sharecropping system was put into practice, conflicts between landlords and tenant farmers became even more serious. This system was based on the traditional ownership of land by landlords and continued their control, while in the actual process the damage was passed entirely onto tenant farmers.
Therefore, although the country was liberated, the village was still like a living hell, and poor peasants cried out that “independence must happen once again.” This conflict between landlords and tenant farmers was symbolized in Liberation-period fiction through the images of weasels and chickens. The images of weasels and chickens, which represent landlords and peasants, can also be understood as symbols of the colonizer and the colonized. In A Village Caught in Pleasure, the peasants’ suffering caused by the presence of the U.S. military is shown in a comprehensive way through the sharecropping system that made their lives poorer, the rapid increase of prostitutes and bars, the disappearance of political gatherings, and the corn that caused disease. As a result, the hardships faced by peasants after liberation were produced by the combined effects of pro-Japanese remnants, feudal remnants, and the colonial nature of the U.S. military government, which cannot be separated from one another.
In Section 2, this study examines the narrator’s critical view of peasants in the novels. A common feature of these works is the use of a female narrator called “I.” As an observer, “I” describes and judges the various events that take place in the village. Rather than showing sympathy for the peasants, “I” presents a critical attitude toward them. The peasants, who had lived as servants for generations, were not even able to think about the unfair relationship between themselves and the landlords, or about the real causes of their poverty.
The root of this slave-like mindset can be found in the master–servant relationship between landlords and tenant farmers that had continued for hundreds of years, that is, the feudal system. The narrator’s criticism of the peasants is therefore an attack on the feudal system, and it stresses that only by solving these system-level problems can peasants give up this mindset and become true subjects of their own lives. The narrator “I,” who shows an educational and enlightening role, is positioned not as a bystander but as someone who seeks to awaken the peasants. Although “I” does not take bold action, she shows a longing for an ideal world.
In Section 3, this study looks at the kinds of sacrifices women experienced. Choi Jeong-hee’s Liberation-period novels approach women’s issues not from a personal level but from a social one. The double system of oppression faced by women can be summarized as poverty caused by class inequality and discrimination against women. Women’s pain and sacrifice grew out of this double oppression. In the complex situation of the Liberation period, these women were not able to raise fundamental questions about their conditions, and as a result, they could not clearly express a strong desire to free themselves from the sacrifices forced on them by reality.
In Section 1 of Chapter III, this study analyzes Bonghwangnyeo in order to understand the image of Bonghwangnyeo as an active subject. In Bonghwangnyeo, the space is divided into a lower village and an upper village. Bonghwangnyeo is born as the granddaughter of a landlord in the upper village, and she is a girl who loves the sky, wide fields, and the sea. She shows a sense of rejection toward patriarchal ideas of womanhood, and in the symbolic ending of the novel, she chooses a third path. This suggests that, in order to escape the patriarchal system that controls and defines her, and to free herself from the sacrifices forced by it, one must seek new possibilities in an outside world that belongs to neither the old nor the new order.
In Section 2, the relationship between maternal love and self-love is discussed through an analysis of female characters who respect their own desires. In Choi Jeong-hee’s Liberation-period novels, maternal love and self-love do not conflict with each other. The self-love of women shown in her works comes from affirming their own desires rather than giving them up or sacrificing them. In Section 3, this study analyzes Choi Jeong-hee’s novels that deal with love after liberation. Among these works, Spring, which depicts love between female students, can be seen as a controversial piece. Describing same-sex love does not mean rejecting heterosexual love, but rather suggesting its possibility. In Choi Jeong-hee’s novels, same-sex love functions as a way to emphasize women as subjects of love and desire.