改革時期 中國의 勞動者와 勞動運動 = Chinese Workers and Labor Movements in the Reform Era

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This essay aims at enhancing our understanding on labor movements in post-reform China in the context of the socialist system. In order to do this analyzes voluntary collective actions and resistance by Chinese workers in three different periods.
The most fundamental dynamics of Chinese labor movements are the three-way relationships among the Chinese Communist Party(CCP), formal labor unions, and individual workers. Chinese workers, for their part, have long responded to the on-and-off political opportunity structure under the limitations of the fragmented and authoritarian political system. Labor unions also tried hard to distance themselves or become independent from the party, especially when the party leadership is divided over power and policy.
Since the late 1970s and continuing to date the launching of the reform and open-door drive has come with a fundamental shift in national labor policy and with the decline of the worker's political and economic status. Labor movements thus followed suit, and labor unions also actively sought for a now status as social groups by taking a host of reform measures. In particular, due largely to the introduction of the "marketization" measures and the modern enterprise system in 1992, the state's social control mechanism was decentralized and the danwei("unit") - the traditional redistribution mechanism - was replaced with the market. As a result, the power of company managers was strengthened, whereas the workers, the masters of the socialist states, became subject to the increasingly despotic labor process.
It is important to note that while labor resistance in the early and mid-1990s was made by individual workers who had been marginalized and displaced, labor movements after the restructuring of the state-owned enterprises(SOEs) in 1997 were mostly engineered by the workers who had previously been protected by the socialist system. It is this process of marginalization, against which Chinese labor movements in the 1990s should be understood. Moreover, such resistance tends to transcend the erstwhile limits of space and issue-areas and might develop into an organized social movement in the future. While it is true that the major issues of the current labor movements remain those of economic nature, it cannot be ruled out that - when combined with the corruption and malpractices of the bureaucrats, menagers, and entrepreneurs - they could turn to a far more explosive movement of political nature. It is then their survival that matters.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 서론
• 2. 개혁초기시기(1984~1989년): 사회주의 노동자들의 저항
• 3. 개혁확장시기(1992~1997년): 주변부 노동자들의 저항
• 4. 중심으로부터의 이탈(1997년 이후)
• 5. 결론: 중국 노동계급의 재형성
• 참고문헌
• 영문초록