수입 파인애플의 감자뿔나방에 대한 포스핀 및 에틸포메이트의 병용 처리 소독기술 개발 = Development of Combined Fumigation Treatment Using Phosphine and Ethyl Formate against Phthorimaea operculella（Zeller） in Imported Pineapples

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The occurrence of internal-feeding pests in imported pineapples has become an increasing concern for quarantine management due to their concealed feeding behavior and the difficulty of detection. Methyl bromide （MB）, which is currently the only approved fumigant for internal-feeding pests in pineapple, is being increasingly restricted due to its ozone-depleting properties and concerns regarding worker safety, necessitating the development of alternative treatments.
In this study, phosphine （PH3） and ethyl formate （EF） were evaluated, both individually and in combination, as alternative fumigants for controlling internal-feeding pests under low-temperature conditions （8°C）, using the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella （Zeller）, as a model internal-feeding pest. To assess their potential as MB alternatives, fumigation efficacy, sorption behavior, middle-scale applicability, and phytotoxicity were evaluated.
In single treatments, complete mortality was achieved with PH3 at 2 mg/L after 36 h （eggs）, 12 h （larvae）, and 24 h （pupae）, indicating that eggs were the most tolerant stage. EF treatments for 4 h resulted in 100% mortality at 70 mg/L （eggs）, 50 mg/L （larvae）, and 75 mg/L （pupae）, with pupae being the most tolerant stage. In combined treatments （PH3 1 mg/L + EF 25.1 mg/L, 4 h）, complete mortality was observed for eggs and larvae, whereas mortality of pupae reached 86.7%. Increasing EF concentration to 45 mg/L achieved complete control of pupae, with LCt50 and LCt99 values of 36.52 and 117.45 mg h/L, respectively. These results indicate that combined fumigation can reduce both the treatment time required for PH3 and the dose required for EF compared to single applications.
Sorption test revealed negligible sorption of PH3 by pineapple, whereas EF exhibited significant sorption, with Ct values and gas residue ratios decreasing as the loading ratio（%, w/v） increased. These results indicate that considering commodity loading ratio is important when determining EF application rates.
Penetration test demonstrated that fumigants successfully reached larvae within pineapple tissue, demonstrating the potential applicability of combined fumigation for internal pest control under pineapple fumigation conditions.
In a middle-scale （0.5 m³） fumigation trial conducted at a loading ratio of 19.4%, combined treatment with PH3 （1 mg/L） and EF （130 mg/L） for 4 h resulted in 100% mortality of the most tolerant stage （pupae）. Residual gas concentrations decreased below threshold limit values （TLV, PH₃: 0.3 ppm; EF: 100 ppm） within a short ventilation period, confirming operational safety.
Phytotoxicity assessments conducted over 14 days showed no significant differences （P 〉 0.05） between treated and untreated pineapple across all quality parameters.
Overall, the combined use of PH3 and EF demonstrates strong potential as a practical and effective alternative to MB for the control of internal-feeding pests in pineapple under low-temperature conditions.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• Ⅱ. 재료 및 방법 4
• 1. 시험 해충 4
• 2. 시험 대상 식물 6
• 3. 시험 약제 6
• 4. 훈증제 농도 계산 9
• 5. Ct （concentration time） 값 산출 11
• 6. PH3 및 EF 약효 시험 12
• 7. PH3 및 EF 수착성 시험 15
• 8. PH3 및 EF 침투성 시험 16
• 9. 중규모 시험 17
• 10. 약해 시험 18
• 11. 통계 분석 20
• Ⅲ. 결과 21
• 1. PH3 및 EF 약효 시험 21
• 2. PH3 및 EF 수착성 시험 30
• 3. PH3 및 EF 침투성 시험 34
• 4. 중규모 시험 36
• 5. 약해 시험 41
• Ⅳ.고찰 44
• Ⅴ. 결론 51
• 참고 문헌 52