Documentary history of the Truman presidency . Vol. 19 , The Korean War : response to communist China's intervention, October 1950-April 1951

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Acknowledgments = xxiii
• Publisher's Note = xxiii
• Editor's Note = xxiv
• General Introduction = xxv
• Introduction = xxxi
• Document 1, October 7, 1950 Letter with enclosure To: President Truman Fr: Robert A. Lovett Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Transmittal and comments on "amplification" of directive for General Douglas MacArthur regarding engagement of Chinese Communist forces in Korea. = 1
• Document 2, October 28, 1950 Letter with attachments To: Robert [A.] Lovett Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Acknowledgment and transmittal of draft copy of directive to General Douglas MacArthur implementing broad occupation policies for North Korea outlined in National Security Council (NSC) Paper 81/1. [Transcription of handwritten letter.] = 3
• Document 3, November 4, 1950 Letter To: Mr. Secretary [of State, Dean Acheson] Fr: Robert A. Lovett Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Defense Department views analyzing problem in delimiting air operations in vicinity of North Korean border with Manchuria and USSR. = 12
• Document 4, November 6, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [Dean Acheson] Papers of Dean Acheson Memorandum of Conference between Secretary Acheson, Under Secretary of Defense Lovett and Mr. Dean Rusk, Highlights include discussion on air operation against North Korean side of Yalu River bridges; British views on operation and reevaluation of their position on Communist China; Support from Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) for cancellation of operation; and president's decision to make military decisions of this nature through Military Establishment. = 13
• Document 5, November 6, 1950 Summary of telephone conversation Fr: Dean Acheson Papers of Dean Acheson, Summary of Telephone Conversation with the President at Kansas City, Highlights president's concern for international implications of bombing of Yalu River bridges, need to ascertain reason for operations, and desire for postponement until U.S. commitments are fulfilled. = 15
• Document 6, November 6, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [James S. Lay, Jr.] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC Policy on Korea, Outline summary of policy points in NSC 81/1 and 73/4 regarding contingency where Communist Chinese troops engage United Nations (UN) forces and specific actions warranted by this intervention. = 16
• Document 7, November 9, 1950 Memorandum To: National Security Council Fr: Walter B. Smith Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimate reiterating potential Soviet intentions not to intervene in North Korea, risk of general war, and opinion that UN forces would be able to launch local aerial incursions into Manchuria without provoking a Soviet response. = 18
• Document 8, November 10, 1950 Memorandum with attachments To: All Holders of "Directive for the Occupation of North Korea" Fr: James S. Lay Jr. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Transmittal of corrections page to all holders of October 31 reference memorandum and its attached "Directive for the Occupation of North Korea." These changes were sent along in order to have text of directive correspond to that actually transmitted by JCS to General MacArthur. = 19
• Document 9, November 10, 1950 Letter To: Mr. Secretary [of State, Dean Acheson] Fr: G[eorge] C. Marshall Papers of George M. Elsey, Response to request for views of Defense Department on military significance of Chinese Communist intervention in North Korea. Enclosure summarizes implications of military significance with respect to Communist Chinese intervention in North Korea and conclusions in handling this situation, including use of political means through UN, clarifying mission of UN commander-in-chief, and developing plans on basis of possible global war. = 26
• Document 10, November 14, 1950 Report To: National Security Council Fr: Executive Secretary [James S. Lay Jr.] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC 81/2: A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Courses of Action with Respect to Korea, Interim review of situation created by Chinese Communist intervention, need to ascertain Communist Chinese intentions, and recommended courses of action. = 29
• Document 11, November 15, 1950 Memorandum To: Senior N[ational] S[ecurity] C[ouncil] Staff Fr: James S. Lay Jr. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files United States Courses of Action with Respect to Korea, Transmittal of National Security Resources Board memorandum outlining culpability of USSR in worldwide aggression, particularly regarding Communist Chinese aggression in North Korea; recognition of risk of general war or a continuing local war with Communist China; courses of action open to UN forces in Korea; and recommendations for accepting Soviet determination to retain a Communist government in North Korea and risk global war. = 33
• Document 12, November 17, 1950 Memorandum To: Senior N[ational] S[ecurity] C[ouncil] Staff Fr: James S. Lay Jr. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files U.S. Courses of Action with Respect to Korea, Supplemental to November 14 interim report reviewing military situation, including support of North Korean forces by Communist Chinese personnel and materiel, possibility of air operations against targets in Manchuria, steps toward holding USSR responsible for situation, and political fallout of possible defeat of UN forces. = 39
• Document 13, November 2l, 1950 Memorandum Fr: L[ucius] D.B [attle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Highlights current situation in Korea and analyzes problem along following lines: need for clarification of General MacArthur's military and civil directive for dealing with North Korea; examination of effect of various courses of action bringing on a general war; political negotiations to achieve peace; and reevaluation of U.S. military position in Far East and decision to retain a military presence in region. = 43
• Document 14, November 21, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [Philip C. Jessup] Papers of Dean Acheson Situation in Korea (Notes on meeting in Pentagon, 2:30 PM), Outline and commentary on military situation, possibility of negotiated settlement, sensitivity of area along Yalu River and holding of high ground along river by UN forces, desire to leave north-western Korean border with Siberia alone, increase of South Korean forces, implications of using Nationalist Chinese forces in Korea, and desire to expeditiously re-deploy U.S. forces to Europe. = 46
• Document 15, November 28, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [Philip C. Jessup] Papers of Dean Acheson Notes on NSC Meeting, November 28th, 3:00 PM, The White House, Outline and commentary in regard to full-scale Chinese Communist offensive operations and formulation of courses of action, particularly need to continue enforcing UN proclamations on aggression in Korea, acting in concert with UN members, limiting and localizing war, and necessity to continue building up military forces and resources in Korea and Western Europe. In addition, questions regarding air operations against Manchuria, calling up of National Guard units, General MacArthur's request for a change in directives to a defensive posture, his statement on "having the troops home before Christmas," and increased prospects of a general war are discussed. = 51
• Document 16, November 28, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Summary of discussions at special meeting convened by president of National Security Council. Highlights include military situation and disposition of UN and Communist forces, possibility of new directive for General MacArthur in light of military situation, potential threat from air forces in Manchuria, need for increase in military supplemental budget, desire to continue supporting UN in Korea, potential call-up of National Guard units and manpower problems, MacArthur's "home by Christmas" statement, desire to terminate hostilities in Korea and focus on buildup in Europe, push for president to assume leadership of West, and problem of domestic anti-Truman administration propaganda. = 59
• Document 17, November 28, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Summary of Cabinet meeting; highlights include current military situation, Secretary of State Dean Acheson's meetings with House and Senate committees, agricultural situation and development of a farm policy, and views on off-year congressional elections. = 81
• Document 18, November 29, 1950 Telegram To: Secretary of State [Dean Acheson] Fr: [Warren] Austin Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Korea, Transmittal of conversation summary between UN representatives from France, United Kingdom (U.K.), and United States regarding U.S. efforts to have Communist China condemned as an "aggressor" for its intervention in Korea by UN; French and British reticence in supporting U.S. position due to potential spread of war; foreign policy debates in U.K. and France; and U.S. desire for continued solidarity. = 86
• Document 19, November 30, 1950 Statement Fr: [President Truman] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Statement by the President, Announcement of Communist Chinese intervention in Korea, reiteration of U.S. support of UN mission in Korea, outline of steps to be taken in light of expansion of Korean war, and desire to seek political solution to worldwide communist aggression. = 89
• Document 20, November 30, 1950 Press release Fr: [White House] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Announcement of president's absolute control of use of atom bomb, acknowledgment of consideration in using weapon in Korea, and decision that military field commander would have responsibility for tactical delivery of atom bomb. = 91
• Document 21, ca. December 1950 Memorandum To: Deputy Secretary of Defense [Robert A. Lovett] Fr: [Central Intelligence Agency] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Summary of Intelligence Estimates on Intervention by Chinese Communists in the Korean War (12 October-24 November 1950), Analysis of CIA National Intelligence Estimates on Communist Chinese intention in Korea. Highlights include early determination that Communist Chinese intervention was improbable, use of "volunteers" in retarding northward progress of UN forces, Chinese support of the North Korean regime, and acceptance by Communist Chinese and USSR of an increased risk of global war. [Retype of pages 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, and 102.] = 92
• Document 22, December l, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation with attachment Fr: Philip C. Jessup Papers of Dean Acheson Notes on Meeting in JCS Conference Room, Pentagon, 8:30 AM, December 1, 1950, Summary of discussions between JCS members, Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Defense Department advisers, Secretary of State Dean Acheson and his advisers, and representatives from NSC. Highlights include views of UN Security Council on present situation, Communist Chinese intervention, need to re-build unity between United States and UN allies, political courses of action and reevaluation of primary objectives in Korea, strategic considerations and holding line on Korea Peninsula, potential for Communist air operations, consequences in Japan, and U.S. Far East policy of UN evacuation of Korea. = 104
• Document 23, December l, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Meeting of the President with Congressional Leaders, 11 A.M., Friday, December 1, 1950, Summary of discussions highlighting congressional leaders' questions regarding military situation, split of General Douglas MacArthur's forces, intelligence problems in UN Command, extent of UN members' military support of Korean operations, dispositions and manpower concerns, intelligence on Soviet military buildup and training of forces in Europe, worldwide communist guerrilla forces and activities, Indian neutrality, and request for supplemental military appropriations. = 112
• Document 24, December l, 1950 Address Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of George M. Elsey, Text of president's Message to Congress requesting additional appropriations to strengthen national defenses, including additional funds for Defense Department and Atomic Energy Commission. These funds will allow an increased expansion of military forces, equipment, and production in light of Communist Chinese intervention in Korea and "saber-rattling" in Europe by USSR. = 127
• Document 25, December 2, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [Dean Acheson] Papers of Dean Acheson Memorandum of Conversation with Under Secretary Lovett, Summary of talk between Under Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett and Bernard Baruch regarding use of atomic weapons in Korea and corollary of "scaring" British Prime Minister Clement Attlee into seeking some method of appeasement in Korea. = 133
• Document 26, December 2, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [Dean Acheson] Papers of Dean Acheson Recommended Steps in the United Nations, Description of political courses of action in presenting resolution to UN General Assembly calling for designation of Communist China as an aggressor in Korea and possible courses of action regarding a ceasefire, including handling of approaches to Communist China and/or USSR. = 134
• Document 27, December 2, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [Lucius D. Battle/W. J. Sheppard] Papers of Dean Acheson Memorandum of Meeting in Secretary's Office, 10:30 a.m., Summary of discussions highlighting U.S. objectives in regard to Korea in UN, ceasefire proposal and potential Communist Chinese demands, use of India as an intermediary, attitude of pro-Western delegations in Security Council and General Assembly, and decision to proceed with a course of political action for use in event military situation further deteriorates. = 137
• Document 28, December 2, 1950 Notes To: Secretary [of State, Dean Acheson] Papers of Dean Acheson Notes for the Secretary, Outline of actions involved in assuring maximum increase in military strength and public support of president's leadership following December 1 Message to Congress (Document 24) seeking additional military appropriations. = 143
• Document 29, December 3, 1950 Memorandum Fr: L[ucius] D. B[attle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Synopsis of discussions regarding paper entitled "Recommended Steps in the United Nations." Highlights include courses of action in seeking settlement of Korean War with Communist China and domestic concerns on Korean war and national defense/military buildup. = 144
• Document 30, December 3, 1950 Memorandum Fr: Philip C. Jessup Papers of Dean Acheson Supplement to Mr. Battle's Memorandum of December 3 Recording the Secretary's Conversation with the President, General Marshall and General Bradley, Reiteration of pessimistic attitudes of Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and General Omar Bradley on deterioration of situation in next 48 to 72 hours; thoughts on evacuation of U.S. military forces; Secretary of State Dean Acheson's views on air operations against Communist Chinese aircraft in Manchuria and whether it would bring in USSR; and need to appear as if consulting Prime Minister Attlee. = 147
• Document 31, December 3, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [W.J. Sheppard] Papers of Dean Acheson Report of the Secretary's meeting at the White House with the President, General Marshall and General Bradley, 3 p.m. Sunday, Synopsis of meeting with State Department officials highlighting requirements for retention of U.S. world position by continuing hostilities in Korea; evacuation of U.S. troops down peninsula, particularly along east coast and at Inchon; decision not to abandon South Korean forces; views on need for censorship in Far East Command; "price" we're willing to pay worldwide and in UN; desire for a political solution through UN; activities of U.S. delegation to UN in submitting a resolution to General Assembly calling for designating Communist China an "aggressor" nation and desire for a ceasefire; and views of British on U.S. resolution and course of action. = 148
• Document 32, December 4, 1950 Memorandum with attachment To: George [M.] Elsey Fr: Theodore Tannenwaid Jr. Papers of George M. Elsey, Transmittal of outline notes entitled "Problems Which Need to be Considered in Developing the Program to Deal With the Present Situation." Highlights include military and foreign policy aspects of present Korean situation, declaration of a national emergency, measures to deal with domestic and international defense production and manpower situation, domestic economic controls, and U.S. economic warfare. = 151
• Document 33, December 4, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [Lucius D. Battle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Synopsis of State Department meeting regarding desire to bolster attitude of Military Establishment, examples of British being "down for the count" and their come-back in spite of adverse situations in World Wars I and 11, desire for estimate of military's ability to resist, and George Kennan's views on approaching USSR with a ceasefire proposal and repercussions for U.S. policy in Europe and Asia. = 154
• Document 34, December 4, 1950 Memorandum of Telephone Conversation Fr: L[ucius] D. B[attle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Summary of conversation between Secretary of State Dean Acheson and Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall regarding problem with world opinion on Korean situation, need for a calm military analysis of situation, and desire for "dogged determination" to set up a holding action until consolidation of a new mainline of defense. = 156
• Document 35, December 4, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [Philip C. Jessup] Papers of Dean Acheson Truman: Attlee Talks, Discussions between Secretary of State Dean Acheson and U.K. Ambassador Sir Oliver Franks clarifying U.S. military and political situation in Korea, U.S. need for a single foreign policy in Europe and Far East, American public opinion an war and effect of a military defeat in Korea on American public support of European allies, effect on Japan and Philippines of U.S. withdrawal from Korea, desire to submit six-power resolution to UN General Assembly, position not to reward Communist China for its aggression, U.K. views on Communist China, and U.S. experiences with negotiating with Communists. = 158
• Document 36, December 5, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: W. J. McWilliams Papers of Dean Acheson Meeting in the Secretary's Office, December 5, 1950, 10:00 a.m., Summary of December 4 meetings between president and U.K. Prime Minister Clement Attlee and Secretary of State Dean Acheson's meeting with U.K. Ambassador Sir Oliver Franks regarding U.S. political and military situation in Korea; negotiating with Communist Chinese and coasefire courses of action; presentation of U.S. foreign policy in Far East and Europe; U.K. views on U.S. moral position in Korea; U.K. arguments against U.S. proposals, policies, and handling of Korean War and Communist China; and U.S. desire to submit six-power resolution to UN General Assembly and push for designation of Communist China as an "aggressor." = 161
• Document 37, December 5, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: Philip C. Jessup Papers of Dean Acheson Truman-Attlee Talks, Summary of meeting between Secretary of State Dean Acheson and delegation and U.K. Ambassador Oliver Franks and delegation regarding handling of six-power resolution to UN General Assembly, prompting a ceasefire resolution, collection of Communist Chinese views on resolution, Communist Chinese appearance before General Assembly, and analysis of U.S. and U.K. views on Communist China. = 166
• Document 38, December 5, 1950 Telegram To: John R. Steelman [for President Truman] Fr: James B. Carey Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Convention message to president from International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, CIO, supporting U.S. position on stopping Communist Chinese aggression and calling for U.K. representatives to support U.S. efforts in thwarting worldwide Communist aggression, appealing for peace bat not at the price of Communist tyranny, and willingness to make sacrifices in the interest of national defense buildup. = 169
• Document 39, December 6, 1950 Memorandum with attachment To: Mr. [Lucius D.] Battle Fr: Dorothy Hessman Papers of Dean Acheson, Transmittal of notes from George Kennan on his December 4 meeting with Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall. Highlights include problem with negotiating with the USSR, effect worldwide of U.S. withdrawal from Korean peninsula, General Marshall's views on the military situation and his reiteration of General MacArthur's experience with the "dogged determination" point of principle, State Department's intention not to recommend military policy, views by House Armed Services Committee presented to Under Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett calling for withdrawal, and General Marshall's lack of concern for congressional mood swings. = 176
• Document 40, December 6, 1950 Memorandum with enclosure To: National Security Council Fr: James S. Lay Jr. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files The Position of the United States Regarding a Blockade of Trade With China, Comments on NSC 92 and transmittal of Secretary of Treasury John W. Snyder's views on the NSC paper. Enclosure provides commentary on desirability of multilateral action on applying economic sanctions on Communist China, outlines NSC 92's failure to indicate what steps are being taken to obtain this multilateral action, and emphasizes that a trade embargo and blocking of assets are integral to any single policy action. = 179
• Document 41, December 6, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: John F. Simmons Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File Call of the departing Korean Ambassador on the President, Acknowledgment by departing Korean ambassador to U.S. Dr. John Myun Chang of U.S. efforts in thwarting Communist domination of Korea, need for military equipment to arm loyal population, president's expression of great appreciation for valor of Korean forces, and desire for continued close relations. = 181
• Document 42, December 6, 1950 Letter To: President Truman Fr: Esther Riser Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Public support for effort to thwart Communist aggression, not give in to appeasement, and support leadership of president. [Transcription of handwritten letter.] = 183
• Document 43, December 6, 1950 Letter with attachment To: Birdie M. Smith Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Acknowledgment in president's name for telegram requesting president to call upon nation to pray for guidance in present crisis, and president's regular call for prayer for peace in many public addresses. = 187
• Document 44, December 7, 1950 Memorandum Fr: L[ucius] D. B[attle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Summary of December 6 meeting between president and advisers and U.K. Prime Minister Clement Attlee and his delegation. Highlights include discussion of military situation in Korea and possible. U.K. departure from Korea; U.S. insistence on U.K. support in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); U.K. questions regarding General MacArthur's direction of war effort, proposal to direct war by committee, and president's statement that UN had asked United States to establish a unified command; and president's decision to support air operations in order to protect UN forces. = 189
• Document 45, December 8, 1950 Communiqu$$\acute e$$ Fr: [White House] Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Text of Truman-Attlee Communiqu$$\acute e$$ reviewing international problems affecting both countries and promulgation of courses of action. Highlights include discussion of present Korean war situation, desire and efforts to secure world peace, Communist China and UN, problem of Communist aggression worldwide, and necessity for adequate national defense. = 192
• Document 46, December 9, 1950 Letter with attachment To: John F Wallace Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Acknowledgment of letter to president supporting his leadership in Truman-Attlee Conferences. [Transcription of handwritten letter.] = 198
• Document 47, December 11, 1950 Minutes Fr: [James S. Lay Jr.] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Minutes of the 74th Meeting of the National Security Council held in the Conference Room of The White House, on Monday, December 11, 1950, at 3:30 p.m., Outlines decisions regarding U.S. position on ceasefire in Korea, results of Truman-Attlee talks, and possible proclamation by president of a national emergency = 201
• Document 48, December 11, 1950 Memorandum Fr: George M. Elsey Papers of George M. Elsey Meeting of the President on the Economic Situation, The Cabinet Room, 4:00 P.M., Monday, December 11, 1950, Summary of discussions regarding need for increased economic controls, in spite of lack of clarification of enlargement of military programs. Highlights include views on price and wage controls and "freeze," national emergency declaration, going public with extent of emergency, and what defense goals are. = 203
• Document 49, December 12, 1950 Memorandum To: John F. Simmons Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File Aide-m$$\acute e$$moire from Korean ambassador regarding effects of possible U.S. withdrawal from Korea and Asian loss of confidence in United States, President Syngman Rhee's determination to "fight to the bitter end," announcement that South Korea can put an additional million men into military service, and request for president's assistance in holding UN firm in spite of new crisis. = 211
• Document 50, December 13, 1950 Memorandum with attachment To: National Security Council Fr: James S. Lay Jr. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files The Position of the United States Regarding a Blockade of Trade With China, Transmittal of JCS views on NSC 92. Attachment does not agree with State Department recommendation for NSC 92 and states explicitly that U.S. unilateral action in undertaking a full trade embargo and freezing of assets is imperative. [Retype of page 212.] = 212
• Document 51, December 13, 1950 Report To: National Security Council Fr: Secretary of Defense [George C. Marshall] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC 95, A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretary of Defense on U.S. Position Regarding a Cease-Fire in Korea, Comments on and transmittal of JCS memorandum entitled "United States Position regarding the Terms of a United Nations General Assembly Cease-Fire Resolution for the Korean War." = 215
• Document 52, December 13, 1950 Paper Fr: G[eorge] M. E[lsey] Papers of George M. Elsey The Attached Paper is a Summary of a Secret Report Prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency on December 11 and Entitled "Probable Soviet Moves to Exploit the Present Situation", Highlights include USSR attempts to promote Communist China as the predominant power in Far East; withdrawal of U.S. military presence in Korea and Japan; alienation and promotion of disunity among Western allies; anti-rearmament propaganda regarding Germany and Western Europe; and Communist covert aggression in Indochina, Iran, and against Yugoslavia. = 221
• Document 53, ca. December 13, 1950 Speech (draft) Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of George M. Elsey Fifth draft, with David Bell's annotations, of president's message to nation declaring a national emergency in response to worldwide Communist aggression, particularly in Korea, and economic, political, and social steps that need to be taken to overcome threat to national security. [Transcription of handwritten notes.] = 226
• Document 54, December 13, 1950 Memorandum To: Chairman, joint Chiefs of Staff [Omar Bradley] Fr: Erle F. Cress Papers of George M. Elsey, Comments from Defense Department's Joint Strategic Survey Committee on draft presidential message to nation declaring a state of national emergency. Highlights views on branding USSR as behind "worldwide Communist imperialism" in light of poor U.S. military readiness, possible declaration of war from Communist China and "aggressor" resolution in UN, need for discussion of national security throughout message, and elimination of all mention of enemy capabilities and of U.S. military intentions for security reasons. = 241
• Document 55, December 13, 1950 Press release Fr: [White House] Papers of George M. Elsey Announcement prepared by Charles S. Murphy of meeting between president and a bipartisan group of congressional leaders to discuss matters concerning U.S. defense and foreign policy matters, including possibility of national emergency declaration. = 245
• Document 56, December 14, 1950 Memorandum Fr: George M. Elsey Papers of George M. Elsey Meeting of the President with Congressional Leaders in the Cabinet Room, 10:00 A.M., Wednesday, December 13, 1950, Summary of notes on bipartisan meeting to discuss gravity of present international crisis regarding worldwide Communist aggression, particularly in Korea; necessity for a rapid increase in military strength and national defense capabilities, including step-up in mobilization and training effort and increase in production; economic stabilization measures; pros and cons regarding declaration of national emergency; increase in defense efforts by Allied and pro-Western countries in meeting commitments; and negative views by Senator Robert Taft. = 246
• Document 57, December 14, 1950 Report To: President Truman Fr: National Security Council Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC 68/4, A Report to the President by the National Security Council on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, Review of programs supporting U.S. politico-military strategy with a view to achieving an integrated political, economic, and psychological offensive against USSR, under shield of a military buildup. Programs highlighted include Military Program, Foreign Military and Economic Assistance, Civilian Defense Program, Stockpiling Program, Information Program, Intelligence and Related Activities, and Internal Security Program. = 286
• Document 58, December 14, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: Philip C. Jessup Papers of Dean Acheson Action in the NSC, December 14, Synopsis of discussion regarding NSC 92 economic and financial measures against Communist China and president's authorization and solicitation of support for actions from friendly countries. = 295
• Document 59, December 14, 1950 Memorandum and attachment To: President Truman Fr: James E. Webb Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Comments on congressional questioning of language of Truman-Attlee Communiqu$$\acute e$$ and press report that United States is bound not to act alone in using atomic bomb. Attachment consists of acknowledgment from Canadian prime minister to U.S. ambassador regarding wording of "use of the atom bomb" paragraph in Truman-Attlee Communiqu$$\acute e$$ and its application to consultation with Canada in addition to U.K. = 297
• Document 60, December 15, 1950 Memorandum with attachment To: National Security Council Fr: James S. Lay Jr. Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files U.S. Position Regarding a Cease-Fire in Korea, Reference to State Department statement regarding preparation, coordination with Defense Department, and transmittal of list of essential conditions for a ceasefire to U.S. Delegation to UN General Assembly. These conditions are to be communicated to General Assembly's ceasefire in Korea committee as opinion of United States in its capacity as unified command of UN forces in Korea. = 299
• Document 61, December 15, 1950 Memorandum with attachments To: Mr. [John F.] Simmons Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Transmittal of copy of message to president from U.K. Prime Minister Clement Attlee on his departure from United States and copy of the president's December 13 reply. Both messages support efforts of UN and close bond between the United States and U.K. in pursuit of world peace. = 301
• Document 62, December 15, 1950 Letter with attachment To: Frank A. Haedicke Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File Acknowledgment of letter to president requesting a day of prayer for peace. Response highlights president's urging in many public addresses for all to unite in prayer for peace. = 305
• Document 63, December 15, 1950 Address Fr: [Harry S. Truman] Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Presidential address to nation highlighting threat to world peace and U.S. national security by worldwide Communist aggression, particularly in Korea. Outlines steps to thwart Communist imperialism: defending principles of UN, continuing to support and coordinate with other free nations for a combined defense, building up U.S. military forces and increasing defense production for United States and its allies, and expanding and stabilizing U.S. economy. In addition, president appeals to American public for support of freedom, courage to make sacrifices, call for ending railroad strike, and announcement of national emergency declaration. = 307
• Document 64, ca. mid-December 1950 Memorandum Fr: [George M. Elsey] Papers of George M. Elsey Memorandum Concerning the President's Speech of Friday, Dec. 15, 1950 Notes on president's thoughts on speaking to Congress about new military situation following intervention of Communist China in Korea, his decision to postpone congressional message, and decision to address nation following clearing of the "smoke of battle" and promulgation of recommendations for putting country on a national emergency footing. = 318
• Document 65, December 22, 1950 Memorandum with attachments To: W.J. McWilliams Fr: William J. Hopkins Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Confidential File, Comments on and transmittal of Under Secretary of State James Webb's memorandum concerning proposed reply to Australian Prime Minister Robert G. Menzies' message of December 6, which requested information on Korean situation in light of Communist Chinese intervention. = 318
• Document 66, December 27, 1950 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [Lucius D. Battle] Papers of Dean Acheson. Summary of discussions between president and State and Defense department representatives regarding Korean situation, whether a line of defense could be held, and what should be done if line breaks under Communist general offensive. Highlights include decision to stay in Korea, possible confusion in varied directives to General MacArthur, redeployment of military forces from Japan to Korea and concern for Japanese security, State Department suggestions for handling Japanese security, ceasefire situation, potential for Communist Chinese crossing of 38th Parallel, views on UN activities in branding Communist China an "aggressor," and proposed political courses of action to help extricate United States from Korea. = 323
• Document 67, December 28, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [Lucius D. Battle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Notes on Secretary of State Dean Acheson's conversation with Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall regarding invitation to president and his cabinet advisers to attend State Department National Military Establishment meetings, concern for possible "town hall" atmosphere, and option to invite NSC instead. In addition, comments are noted on new JCS directive to General MacArthur. = 328
• Document 68, December 28, 1950 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Permanent Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 27 December 1950 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America Addressed to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Ninth and Tenth Reports of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council's Resolution of 7 July 1950 (S/1588) Highlights for November period consist of resume of military events since September; ground operations, including identification of Communist Chinese forces; naval and air operations; prisoners of war situation; atrocities committed by Communist forces; civil activities, including civilian food, health, and fuel relief, and psychological warfare operations. = 329
• Document 69, December 28, 1950 Memorandum Fr: [Lucius D. Battle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Comments on telephone conversation between Under Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett and Secretary of State Dean Acheson regarding draft directive and paper sent to State Department from Defense Department highlighting effort to update and consolidate directives to General MacArthur, to respond to General MacArthur's request for additional divisions, and to provide information on possible withdrawal. Includes Lovett's criticism of the paper. = 348
• Document 70, January 6, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Department of the Army for the joint Chiefs of Staff Fr: Commander in Chief, Far East, Tokyo, Japan Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files General Douglas MacArthur's response on arming additional South Korean troops in light of material availability, war situation, and desire to provide an adequate defense for Japan. Attachment consists of January 4 JCS memorandum to General MacArthur on problem of arming additional South Korean manpower. = 349
• Document 71, January 9, 1951 Letter with attachment To: Arthur H. Vandenberg Fr: Dean Acheson Papers of Dean Acheson, Acknowledgment of press report commenting on president's message and support of Vandenberg's call for unity and bipartisan cooperation in order to surmount present crisis. = 351
• Document 72, January 10, 1951 Letter with attachment To: Victor J. Hammond Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Acknowledgment of letter regarding president's message to nation on December 15, president's appeal for "God's help" in current crisis, and call for a presidential proclamation for a day of prayer. = 353
• Document 73, January 11, 1951 Report To: National Security Council Fr: Chairman, National Security Resources Board Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC 100, A Report to the National Security Council by the Chairman, National Security Resources Board, on Recommended Policies and Actions in Light of the Grave World Situation, Highlights include recognition that United States and its allies are now in a war of survival with USSR and analysis of steps necessary to regain world peace; decision to reevaluate and implement revitalized military and political policies based on greater mobilization effort and increased defense production; branding of Communist China as an aggressor and announcement of program of military and political retaliation against Communist China; decision to utilize atomic weapons in stopping Soviet aggression; bolstering of NATO; and decision to establish position of strength in Far East. = 355
• Document 74, January 12, 1951 Memorandum To: For the Record Fr: Philip C. Jessup Papers of Dean Acheson, Summary of Cabinet meeting regarding the issue of evacuation of the Korean peninsula. = 375
• Document 75, January 12, 1951 Report To: National Security Council Fr: Secretary of Defense Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC 101, A Report to the National Security Council by the Secretary of Defense on Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea Outline of JCS objectives and actions relative to Communist China and Korea, including maintenance of an off-shore defense line from Japan to Philippines, denial of Formosa to Communists, delay of a general war with USSR until increased industrial mobilization, prevention of spread of communism into Southeast Asia, and support for South Korean government and for establishment in China of a government friendly to United States. = 377
• Document 76, January 13, 1951 Message To: General [Douglas] MacArthur Fr: Harry S. Truman Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, Summary of president's views on continuing resistance to aggression in Korea, request for input on maximum effort that could be expected from UN forces, outline of courses of political action in support of resistance efforts, and recognition that resistance might not be military, in which case evacuation of UN forces might be necessary. = 382
• Document 77, January 15, 1951 Report To: National Security Council Fr: Executive Secretary [James S. Lay Jr,] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files NSC 101/1, A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on U.S. Action to Counter Chinese Communist Aggression Highlights include limiting major U.S. ground forces in Far East to those already committed, expediting buildup of Japanese security, increasing economic sanctions and naval blockade of Communist China, pressing allies to support U.S. actions against Communist China, supporting overtly and covertly internal anti-Chinese resistance, increasing air operations in region, and expediting military assistance programs to Southeast Asian countries. = 386
• Document 78, January 17, 1951 Memorandum To: [National Security Council] Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Estimate on effectiveness of specific actions to counter Communist Chinese aggression, including an effort to achieve, under shield of military buildup, an integrated political, economic, and psychological offensive designed to counter current Communist threat; to prevent actions that might lead to global war until military preparedness has reached higher level; to implement naval blockade of China; to conduct air operations against Chinese targets; to support guerrilla activities in China and to support and use Nationalist Chinese forces; and to appeal for support of free world nations in UN. [Retype of page 395.] = 392
• Document 79, January 18, 1951 Memorandum of Telephone Conversation Fr: L[ucius] D. B[attle] Papers of Dean Acheson, Description of conversation between Secretary of State Dean Acheson and British ambassador regarding U.S. decision to ask UN General Assembly for declaration of Communist China as an "aggressor," and U.K. response to this action, = 397
• Document 80, January 19, 1951 Memorandum with attachments To: The Secretary [of State, Dean Acheson] Fr: Mr. [Dean] Rusk Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Farewell Call by Dr. John M. Chang, Korean Ambassador, Upon the President Comments on president's appointment with Korean ambassador to U.S. John M. Chang and potential questions that ambassador will raise regarding request for military equipment to arm Korean civilians, JCS recommendations against arming additional South Korean forces, confirmation that United States is in Korea to fight Communist aggression, and expression of South Korean government's position on January 17, 1951, ceasefire proposal. = 400
• Document 81, January 24, 1951 Memorandum of Conversation Fr: [G. Hayden Raynor] Papers of Dean Acheson Korea Views of Norwegian government on Korean situation, apparent disunity of western allies in UN, attitude of U.K., and clarification of concerns regarding UN command situation and military intentions. [Retype of pages 407 and 409.] = 407
• Document 82, January 31, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Permanent Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 31 January 1951 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Eleventh Report of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council Resolution of 7 July 1950 (S/1588) Transmittal of report covering period from December 1 to 15, 1950, highlighting UN and enemy ground, naval, and air operations; prisoners of war situation; civil activities, including refugee relief and revisions to civilian assistance program; and psychological warfare operations. [Retype of page 415.] = 411
• Document 83, February 24, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Permanent Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 23 February 1951 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Reports of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council Resolution of 7 July 1950 (S/1588), Transmittal of report covering period from December 16, 1950, through January 31, 1951, highlighting UN and enemy ground and air operations; civil activities, including refugee relief, and psychological warfare operations. = 419
• Document 84, March 16, 1951 Memorandum To: Secretary of Defense [Robert A. Lovett] Fr: Omar N. Bradley Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files Courses of Action Relative to Communist China and Korea-Anti-Communist Chinese, Comparative study of Communist and Nationalist China illustrating such topics as military strength and organization, mobilization, capabilities, and combat effectiveness. Includes U.S. naval support of Nationalist China, areas of potential anti-Communist guerrilla activities, and presentation of cases of probable military effectiveness of Nationalist forces in operations against mainland. [Retype of pages 436 and 439.] = 429
• Document 85, March 22, 1951 Paper Fr: [H. O. H. Frelinghuysen] Papers of Dean Acheson Visit of French President: Korea, Draft paper on U.S. support of collective pressure by UN against Communist aggression in Korea, French support of U.S. position, recommendation that French President Vincent Auriol be given an expression of U.S. appreciation, and outline of discussion points for visit. = 449
• Document 86, March 26, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Permanent Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 23 March 1951 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Reports of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council Resolution of 7 July 1950 (S/1588) Transmittal of report covering period from February 1 to 28, 1951, highlighting effectiveness of U.S. strategic and tactical military policies and plans; UN and enemy ground, naval, and air operations; prisoners of war situation; civil activities, including refugee relief-, and psychological warfare operations. [Retype of page 455.] = 451
• Document 87, April 9, 1951 Memorandum with attachments To: Secretary of State [Dean Acheson] Fr: William D. Hassett Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Transmittal of correspondence from South Korean president, prime minister, and National Assembly chairman praising U.S. and UN military efforts, requesting military equipment to increase fighting potential of South Korean population, views on revitalization of Japanese military power, concern for refugee problem, and expressions of gratitude for recapture of Seoul. = 463
• Document 88, April 11, 1951 Address Fr: [Harry S. Truman] Papers of Harry S. Truman: White House Central Files-Official File, Presidential address to nation updating Korean situation; highlighting U.S. foreign policy in Far East; reviewing accomplishments in thwarting Communist aggression, particularly in preventing expansion into global war; and relaying decision to relieve General Douglas MacArthur due to his incompatibility with announced U.S. foreign and military policies. = 468
• Document 89, April 19, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Permanent Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 18 April 1951 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Seventeenth Report of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council Resolution of 7 July 1950 (S/1588), Transmittal of report covering period from March 1 to 15, 1951, highlighting UN and enemy ground and air operations; enemy handling of prisoners of war; civil activities, including refugee relief, and psychological warfare operations. = 473
• Document 90, April 26, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Permanent Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 26 April from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Eighteenth Report of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council Resolution of 7 July 1950 (S/1588) Transmittal of report covering period from March 16 to 31, 1951, Highlighting UN and enemy ground, naval, and air operations; prisoners of war; and enemy atrocities. [Retype of page 478.] = 478
• Document 91, April 30, 1951 Report (excerpt) TO: Senate [Armed Services] Committee Papers of Harry S. Truman: President's Secretary's Files, [Records of Actions, 25 June 1950 to 11 April 1951 for Senate Committee] Subdivided by phases based on chronology, this report highlights conduct of war in Korea. This excerpt begins in Phase TV relating to Communist Chinese intervention and U.S. response, includes Phase Ⅴ (30 November 1950 to 9 January 1951) regarding military and other factors leading to decision to defend in successive positions southward, and ends with Phase Ⅵ (10 January 1951 to 11 April 1951) regarding defensive military operations and initiation of northward advance by UN forces. = 483
• Document 92, May 18, 1951 Memorandum with attachment To: Secretary-General, Security Council Fr: Representative of the United States of America [to the UN] Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Note Dated 18 May 1951 from the Representative of the United States to the Secretary-General Transmitting the Nineteenth Report of the United Nations Command in Korea in Accordance with the Security Council Resolution of 18 July 1950 Transmittal of report covering period from April 1 to 15, 1951, highlighting UN and enemy ground, naval, and air operations; enemy atrocities; and psychological warfare operations. = 542
• Document 93, May 25, 1951 Memorandum To: Mr. [Matthew J.] Connelly Fr: John F. Simmons Papers of Dean Acheson, Transmittal of correspondence regarding receipt and acknowledgment of February 25, 1951, letter from representatives of National Christian Council of Korea. February 25 letter expresses gratitude of Korean Christians to United States for fighting to thwart Communist aggression in Korea. = 546
• Document 94, ca. January 1953 Report (excerpt) Fr: Foreign Policy Studies Branch, Division of Historical Policy Research, Department of State Papers of Harry S. Truman: Selected Records Relating to the Korean War Chronology of Principal Events Relating to the Korean Conflict, December 1950[-April 1951] Excerpt outlining principal events relating to conduct of Korean War from State Department's collection of important documents relating to development of U.S. political and military policy with respect to Korea. [Retype of pages 727, 728, and 730.] = 551
• Subject Index = 853