우라늄 함량이 높은 국내 토양에 대한 토양학적 특성 규명 및 토양세척법의 적용성 평가 = Characterization and Feasibility Study of the Soil Washing Process Applying to the Soil Having High Uranium Concentration in Korea

국문 초록 (Abstract)

우라늄 함량이 높은 흑색 셰일 및 점판암이 주요 기반암인 괴산군 청천면 덕평리 일대 토양의 물리/화학적 특성을 규명하였고, 토양으로부터 우라늄을 제거하기위한 다양한 세척용액 및 세척조건을 적용한 실내 세척 실험을 실시하여, 토양 세척법이 우라늄 함량이 높은 토양으로부터 우라늄을 제거하는데 효과적인 방법임을 입증하였다. 총 8지점 토양 시료의 우라늄 농도를 분석하여 인공강우 용출실험(SPLP), 독성물질 용출실험(TCLP)을 실시한 결과 가장 우라늄함량이 높은 S2 토양의 경우 SPLP 용출 농도가 USEPA 음용수 기준치(30 킽/L)를 초과하여 토양으로부터 주변 수계로의 지속적인 오염 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 연속추출실험(SEP) 결과 약산 강우에 의해 토양으로부터 우라늄 용출이 발생할 수 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 토양으로부터 우라늄을 제거하기위하여 다양한 세척액과 세척조건을 적용하여 토양 세척 실험을 실시한 결과, pH 1인 산성용액, 염산 0.1 M 용액, 황산 0.05 M 용액, 구연산 0.5 M 용액을 세척액으로 사용하는 경우 우라늄 제거 효율이 80% 이상이었으며, 아세트산과 EDTA 용액의 경우 30% 이하의 낮은 제거율을 나타내었다. 토양/세척액 비율은 1 : 3, 세척 시간을 30분, 토양 당 반복 세척 회수를 2회로 설정하여 위의 세척용액들을 이용하는 경우, 실제 우라늄 함량이 매우 높은 S2 토양 주변 현장에서 토양 세척법이 우라늄 제거에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 세척 전/후 토양의 총유기탄소함량(TOC), 양이온 교환능력(CEC)을 측정하였고, X-선형광분석(XRF)과 X-선회절분석(XRD)을 실시하여 비교함으로써 세척 후 토양 특성 변화를 규명하였다. 세척 후 토양의 TOC와 CEC가 각각 55%, 66%까지 감소하여 세척한 토양을 작물재배용으로 재 사용할 경우 적절한 개량제를 첨가하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 나타났다. 세척 전/후 토양의 XRF 및 XRD 분석 결과, 산세척에 의한 토양의 주요 성분과 광물 구조 변화는 심각하지 않은 것으로 나타나 pH 회복을 위한 추가 물 세척 후 세척 토양을 재활용 할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The physicochemical properties of soils having high uranium content, located around Duckpyungri in Korea, were investigated and the lab scale soil washing experiments to remove uranium from the soil were preformed with several washing solutions and on various washing conditions. SPLP (Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure), TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure), and SEP (Sequential Extraction Procedure) for the soil were conducted and the uranium concentration of the extracted solution in SPLP was higher than Drinking Water Limit of USEPA (30 킽/L), suggesting that the continuous dissolution of uranium from soil by the weak acid rain may generate the environmental pollution around the research area. For the soil washing experiments, the uranium removal efficiency of pH 1 solution for S2 soil was about 80 %, but dramatically decreased as pH of solution was > 2, suggesting that strong acidic solutions are available to remove uranium from the soil. For solutions with 0.1 M of HCl and 0.05 M of H2SO4, their removal efficiencies at 1 : 1 of soil vs. washing solution ratio were higher than 70%, but the removal efficiencies of acetic acid, and EDTA were below 30%. At 1 : 3 of soil vs. solution, the uranium removal efficiencies of 0.1 M HCl, 0.05 M H2SO4, and 0.5 M citric acid solution increased to 88%, 100%, and 61% respectively. On appropriate washing conditions for S2 soil such as 1 : 3 ratio for the soil vs. solution ratio, 30 minute for washing time, and 2 times continuous washing, TOC (Total Organic Contents) and CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) for S2 soil were measured before/after soil washing and their XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) results were also compared to investigate the change of soil properties after soil washing. TOC and CEC decreased by 55% and 66%, compared to those initial values of S2 soil, suggesting that the soil reclaimant may need to improve the washed soils for the cultivated plants. Results of XRF and XRD showed that the structural change of soil after soil washing was insignificant and the washed soil will be partially used for the further purpose.

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