This study proposes an experimental method to evaluate the direct air mineralization (DAM) capability of cement-based products, focusing on CO2 uptake during their service life through natural carbonation. As carbon reduction in the cement indust...
This study proposes an experimental method to evaluate the direct air mineralization (DAM) capability of cement-based products, focusing on CO2 uptake during their service life through natural carbonation. As carbon reduction in the cement industry becomes increasingly critical, the carbonation of cement-based products has attracted growing attentions. However, current assessment frameworks lack a methodology to quantify the DAM, especially for products that continually react with atmospheric CO2 after manufacture.
Cement-based products were chosen as the experimental focus due to their standardized dimensions and suitability for laboratory-scale testing. Large construction concrete modules require long-term exposure to ensure the meaningful amount of CO2 reaction and, of course, are difficult to evaluate its carbonation capability quickly through standard experiments. For example, existing standards such as KS F 2584—originally designed to assess carbonation-related durability—can only indirectly estimate DAM capability. They require 26 weeks of CO2 exposure and measure carbonation depth only, which is insufficient for quantifying actual amount of permanently sequestrated CO2 in the products.
To overcome these limitations, this study aimed to establish a laboratory-level DAM evaluation method by comparing the conventional KS F 2584 carbonation process with an accelerated curing condition. A series of cement-based products, including permeable and impermeable paving blocks, along with mortar specimens of identical dimensions, were tested under both standard and accelerated curing environments. The sequestrated amount of CO2 was quantified through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the degree of carbonation directly.
The results confirmed that under 50 ℃, 90% RH, and 20% CO2 concentration, just two days of curing were sufficient to simulate service-life carbonation of concrete products. Compared to the KS F 2584, the proposed method drastically reduced the required testing time (from 26 weeks to 2 days) to accurately evaluate the DAM capability by quantifying the carbonation reaction.
This research presents a practical indicator for evaluating DAM capability and is expected to contribute significantly to the establishment of a database for LCA beyond the manufacturing stage. Ultimately, it can be used to develop a standardized methodology, such as International Standard Organization (ISO) or Korean Standard, to incorporate use-phase carbonation into the carbon footprint assessment of concrete-based products.