This study aims to establish a new perspective on modern history, exempt from Euro-centrism. It examines the various aspects of the maritime encounters between diverse civilizations on a global scale which brought about the making of a unified world h...
This study aims to establish a new perspective on modern history, exempt from Euro-centrism. It examines the various aspects of the maritime encounters between diverse civilizations on a global scale which brought about the making of a unified world history.
The following are the results of this research.
The first arena of European expansion was Africa. The Portuguese politico-military incursions into Islam North Africa and the pursuit of commercial gains were the fundamental factors that lay behind the arising conflicts. Thus, the intermix of political conquest, missionary zeal, and economic interests can be seen from the outset of this European expansion. Also, in the dynamic process of maritime expansion along the African west coasts, 'adventures' became the state-sponsored enterprises.
The next phase was the intrusion into the Asian waters. However, Asian empires were different from those of American continent. It was impossible to dominate such strong empires as the Mughal or the Ming, and the Portuguese and the Dutch encountered numerous obstacles in gaining a foothold in the firmly established commercial networks of maritime Asia. Yet they strove, relying heavily on force, to form trading-post empires which consisted of several commercial factories and trade routes among them. The Dutch East India Company formed in 1602 by combining political power and private capitals proved to be much more effective in profit making and had a greater impact upon Asian economy and society than Portuguese state-monopoly system.
This research also uncovers several aspects within this process which have been often neglected by historians.
First, it was the peculiar mentality of the Westerners that drove them towards earthly paradise in search of glory and profit. Medieval maps and travel records provide proofs testifying to European obsession to reach the paradise which was thought to be situated at the far end of Asian continent.
Second, military supremacy is another important point of the history of encounters. Self-defending and even aggressive coercion was essential in penetrating foreign regions to gain commercial privileges. Even though the achievements of the European 'Military Revolution' were not sufficient to overwhelm the enormous military power of Asian empires, the Westerners concentrated on strategical points and succeeded in obtaining bases to form quite large commercial networks, which expanded in time.
Third, foreign expansion was also accompanied by movement of animals, plants, and even microbes. The rapidity of the so-called 'Columbian exchange' was made possible because the development of navigation since the sixteenth century accelerated global communication. This brought more often than not break-outs of pandemic such as cholera or smallpox which decimated quite large populations. It should also be noted that the Western expansion might be the starting point of environmental crises on a world scale.
Finally, the flow of monies and precious metals is examined. Even though much research has been accomplished concerning these matters, each generation of historians seems to need a new interpretation. Recently, the Chinese function as the last consumer of precious metals has been accentuated, but one must take into account the fact that small monies such as copper coins and cowries played no less important role of establishing international trade as well as sustaining of regional economies.